🧪 Endocrine & Metabolic peptides

An oral, once-daily, non-peptide small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist discovered by Chugai and developed by Lilly, approved by the FDA in April 2026 as Foundayo for chronic weight management; a US type 2 diabetes filing was planned for mid-2026 and no FDA action on it has been published, while the UK has approved both indications.

A GLP-1 receptor agonist used in FDA-approved products for type 2 diabetes, chronic weight management, and additional labeled uses depending on brand and indication.

A dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist used in FDA-approved products for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management.

A Novo Nordisk investigational co-agonist targeting GLP-1 and amylin pathways, now closely watched as a next-wave obesity candidate.

A long-acting amylin analogue often discussed alongside GLP-1 therapies in obesity-drug development.

A Novo Nordisk investigational combination of cagrilintide and semaglutide, designed to pair amylin and GLP-1 pathways in obesity.

A selective amylin receptor agonist from Eli Lilly that has moved into Phase 3 obesity trials.

A GLP-1 and glucagon dual agonist developed with Innovent and Lilly, notable for obesity data and approval progress in China.

A balanced GLP-1 and glucagon dual agonist from Altimmune with obesity and liver-disease relevance.

A long-acting amylin analog from Zealand Pharma being developed for obesity and overweight.

A next-generation triple agonist targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors, showing unprecedented 24.2% weight loss in clinical trials. Expected FDA approval in 2027.

An investigational dual-agonist obesity and metabolic-disease candidate that shows up in next-wave incretin discussions.

A synthetic 34-amino-acid analog of parathyroid hormone-related protein, FDA approved since 2017 as a daily anabolic osteoporosis injection, that activates the PTH type 1 receptor with a bias toward short-lived signaling to stimulate bone formation.

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist built as a tandem GLP-1 dimer fused to human albumin, approved as Tanzeum in 2014 for type 2 diabetes and withdrawn from sale by GSK in 2018 for commercial reasons, months before its cardiovascular outcomes trial read out positive.

The eight-amino-acid effector hormone of the renin-angiotensin system, marketed as Giapreza, an intravenous vasopressor approved in 2017 to raise blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock that resists conventional vasopressors.

A synthetic 32-amino-acid copy of salmon calcitonin, FDA approved as an injection for Paget's disease of bone, hypercalcemia, and postmenopausal osteoporosis and as a nasal spray for osteoporosis, that suppresses osteoclast activity through the calcitonin receptor.

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist — EU-authorised in 1999 and FDA-approved in 2000 — used to prevent premature LH surges during controlled ovarian stimulation, suppressing gonadotropins by competitive receptor blockade instead of the flare-then-downregulation route GnRH agonists take.

Synthetic ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone approved in 1996 as Acthrel, a diagnostic injection that distinguishes pituitary from ectopic ACTH secretion in Cushing's syndrome and has been unavailable since its 2020 discontinuation.

The full-length 39-amino-acid adrenocorticotropic hormone, marketed in the United States since 1952 as porcine-derived repository corticotropin injection (Acthar Gel, Purified Cortrophin Gel) for infantile spasms, multiple sclerosis relapses, and other inflammatory conditions.

A synthetic 24-amino-acid peptide identical to the N-terminal segment of adrenocorticotropic hormone, FDA approved since 1970 as Cortrosyn and used worldwide as tetracosactide (Synacthen) as the stimulating agent in the short ACTH test of adrenal cortisol reserve.

A glucagon analog approved in the United States as Zegalogue for severe hypoglycemia.

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist, FDA approved since 2008 as a monthly subcutaneous depot for advanced prostate cancer, that suppresses LH, FSH, and testosterone within days without the initial testosterone surge produced by GnRH agonists.

A synthetic V2-selective analog of vasopressin, FDA approved since 1978, that concentrates urine through renal aquaporin-2 trafficking and raises von Willebrand factor and factor VIII without the pressor activity of the parent hormone.

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist built as a GLP-1 analog fused to a modified IgG4 Fc domain, approved since 2014 for type 2 diabetes and since 2020 for cardiovascular risk reduction, but never for weight management.

Lilly's once-weekly basal insulin LY3209590, a single-chain insulin fused to a human IgG2 Fc domain, approved by the FDA on September 23, 2026 as Onswik for adults with type 2 diabetes after the QWINT phase 3 trials.

Merck's MK-0616, an oral macrocyclic peptide that blocks PCSK9 binding to the LDL receptor, approved by the FDA on July 15, 2026 as Lipfendra for LDL-cholesterol lowering after the CORALreef phase 3 trials showed roughly 56 to 60% placebo-adjusted reductions.

A synthetic eight-residue peptide calcimimetic built on an all-D-amino-acid backbone, FDA approved since 2017 as an intravenous injection given at the end of hemodialysis, that sensitizes the parathyroid calcium-sensing receptor and lowers parathyroid hormone in secondary hyperparathyroidism.

A synthetic 39-amino-acid copy of exendin-4, a Gila monster venom peptide, and the first GLP-1 receptor agonist approved in the United States (2005); every branded product has since been discontinued, leaving a generic twice-daily pen for type 2 diabetes.

The pituitary gonadotropin that drives ovarian follicle maturation and Sertoli cell function, licensed in the United States as recombinant follitropin alfa and follitropin beta and as urine-derived menotropins for fertility indications.

A positron-emitting somatostatin analog in which the octapeptide DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate carries gallium-68 to somatostatin receptor-positive cells, FDA approved since 2016 as the PET imaging agent NETSPOT for localizing neuroendocrine tumors.

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist, FDA-approved in 1999 as Antagon and now sold as ganirelix acetate injection and Fyremadel, used in prefilled syringes to prevent premature LH surges during controlled ovarian stimulation.

The 29-residue pancreatic alpha-cell hormone that raises blood glucose through the hepatic glucagon receptor, FDA approved since 1960 as an injectable rescue for severe hypoglycemia and a radiologic diagnostic aid, and since 2019 as ready-to-use autoinjectors and a nasal powder.

A synthetic decapeptide identical to native gonadotropin-releasing hormone, FDA approved as Factrel in 1982 for pituitary testing and as Lutrepulse in 1989 for ovulation induction, with both US products since discontinued.

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH superagonist delivered as a biodegradable subcutaneous implant, FDA-approved since 1989 as Zoladex for prostate cancer, advanced breast cancer in premenopausal women, endometriosis, and endometrial thinning before ablation.

A dimeric glycoprotein hormone that activates the LH/hCG receptor to drive gonadal steroidogenesis, licensed as an injectable prescription biologic for cryptorchidism, male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and ovulation induction.

Recombinant 191-amino-acid human growth hormone, sequence-identical to the main 22 kDa pituitary isoform and FDA-approved for growth hormone deficiency and related conditions since the 1980s — and, unlike the secretagogues it is routinely confused with, governed by a federal distribution felony statute of its own.

A synthetic nonapeptide GnRH agonist delivered as a 12-month subcutaneous hydrogel implant — FDA-approved as Supprelin LA for central precocious puberty (2007) and formerly as Vantas for advanced prostate cancer (2004, discontinued 2021) — that suppresses gonadotropins through pituitary desensitization.

The native 70-amino-acid growth factor that carries out much of growth hormone's action; its recombinant form, mecasermin, is FDA-approved for severe primary IGF-1 deficiency, while the research market mostly sells engineered analogs instead.

A two-chain, 51-amino-acid protein hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells and the first peptide drug ever given to a patient, in 1922; dozens of recombinant human and analog products now hold FDA approval for diabetes.

Novo Nordisk's once-weekly acylated basal insulin analog, approved as Awiqli in Switzerland, Canada, the EU and other markets in 2024 and by the FDA on March 26, 2026 for adults with type 2 diabetes.

A long-acting somatostatin analog marketed as Somatuline Depot and used in neuroendocrine and acromegaly-related care.

A synthetic nonapeptide GnRH superagonist that initially stimulates and then durably suppresses gonadotropin secretion, FDA-approved since 1985 in daily and long-acting depot formulations for advanced prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and central precocious puberty.

An acylated 31-amino-acid analog of human GLP-1 dosed once daily by subcutaneous injection, approved for type 2 diabetes in 2010 and for chronic weight management in 2014 as the first GLP-1 receptor agonist licensed for obesity.

A 44-amino-acid exendin-4 derivative and once-daily, short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist approved by the FDA in 2016 for type 2 diabetes; the standalone pen was withdrawn from the US market in 2023, leaving only the fixed-ratio insulin glargine combination.

A once-weekly prodrug of unmodified human growth hormone in which somatropin is transiently bound to a polyethylene glycol carrier, FDA approved as Skytrofa for pediatric growth hormone deficiency in 2021 and adult growth hormone deficiency in 2025.

A radiolabeled somatostatin analog in which the octapeptide DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate carries the beta emitter lutetium-177 into somatostatin receptor-positive tumor cells, FDA approved since 2018 for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

An orally active peptidomimetic ghrelin receptor agonist, FDA approved since 2017 as Macrilen, a single-dose oral solution used as a growth hormone stimulation test to diagnose adult growth hormone deficiency.

An FDA-approved leptin analog used in rare metabolic disease, best known in the United States as Myalept.

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH agonist delivered as a metered nasal spray, FDA approved since 1990 for endometriosis and later for central precocious puberty, that suppresses gonadotropin and sex-steroid output through pituitary desensitization.

Ascendis Pharma's TransCon CNP, a once-weekly PEGylated prodrug of a 38-residue C-type natriuretic peptide, approved by the FDA on February 27, 2026 as Yuviwel to increase linear growth in children aged 2 and older with achondroplasia.

A somatostatin analog widely used in endocrine and neuroendocrine medicine, and one of the most important approved peptide drugs missing from many peptide libraries.

A peptide hormone used in FDA-approved medical settings but also frequently reframed in wellness and research-market discussions.

Long-acting prodrug of PTH(1-34) built on a transient PEG carrier (TransCon PTH), approved as Yorvipath (EU 2023, FDA 2024) as once-daily parathyroid hormone replacement therapy for adults with hypoparathyroidism.

Full-length 84-amino-acid human parathyroid hormone, the body's principal calcium-regulating hormone; its recombinant form (Natpara) was FDA approved in 2015 for hypoparathyroidism but has since been discontinued worldwide after unresolved manufacturing problems.

An FDA-approved somatostatin analog marketed as Signifor, used in Cushing's disease and related endocrine settings.

A PEGylated 191-residue analog of human growth hormone that blocks the growth hormone receptor, FDA approved since 2003 as Somavert for acromegaly, lowering IGF-1 rather than growth hormone itself through once-daily subcutaneous injection.

A synthetic 37-amino-acid analog of human amylin, stabilized by three proline substitutions, approved in 2005 as a mealtime adjunct to insulin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes and discontinued by its manufacturer in 2025.

A synthetic copy of the 27-amino-acid duodenal hormone secretin, FDA approved since 2004 as ChiRhoStim for pancreatic function testing and gastrinoma diagnosis, and widely known for the autism trials of 1999-2012 that found no benefit.

An FDA-approved MC4R agonist marketed as Imcivree for specific rare genetic forms of obesity.

A once-weekly recombinant human growth hormone derivative, the 191-residue hGH protein carrying a single albumin-binding side chain, FDA approved as Sogroya for adult and pediatric growth hormone deficiency and, since 2026, three non-GHD pediatric growth disorders.

A once-weekly recombinant growth hormone fusion protein, the full hGH sequence flanked by three copies of the hCG beta-subunit C-terminal peptide, FDA approved as Ngenla for pediatric growth hormone deficiency; the adult program missed its primary endpoint.

Recombinant human parathyroid hormone fragment PTH(1-34), an FDA-approved bone-anabolic injection (Forteo, 2002) that stimulates new bone formation and reduces fracture risk in high-risk osteoporosis.

A synthetic twelve-residue vasopressin analog and prodrug of lysine-vasopressin that constricts splanchnic vessels through V1 receptors, used for decades in Europe for variceal bleeding and FDA approved since September 2022 for hepatorenal syndrome.

A growth hormone-releasing hormone analog approved in the United States for reducing excess abdominal fat in certain adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH agonist (D-Trp6-GnRH) that briefly stimulates and then durably suppresses gonadotropin release, FDA-approved as pamoate depots for advanced prostate cancer (Trelstar, 2000) and central precocious puberty (Triptodur, 2017).

A cyclic nonapeptide hormone, also called antidiuretic hormone, that controls renal water reabsorption and vascular tone through V1a, V1b, and V2 receptors and is FDA approved as an intravenous vasopressor.

An FDA-approved C-type natriuretic peptide analog marketed as Voxzogo for achondroplasia.

A purine nucleoside analog and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, developed clinically as acadesine for bypass-surgery ischemia and leukemia without success, known in research circles for a 2008 mouse 'exercise mimetic' study and banned by WADA.

An orally active small-molecule ghrelin receptor agonist approved in Japan as Adlumiz for cancer cachexia, refused by European regulators in 2017, and never approved in the United States despite a completed phase 3 program.

An endogenous peptide ligand for the APJ receptor with cardiovascular and metabolic research relevance.

A GLP-1 receptor antagonist, also known as exendin 9-39, now in Phase 3 for post-bariatric hypoglycemia.

The native 31-residue opioid peptide cleaved from pro-opiomelanocortin in the pituitary and hypothalamus, a mu- and delta-opioid receptor agonist studied by intravenous, intrathecal and epidural routes in small human series around 1980 and never developed into an approved product.

A long-acting synthetic oxytocin analog approved outside the United States as Duratocin and Pabal to prevent postpartum hemorrhage, with a heat-stable form on the WHO Essential Medicines List; intranasal carbetocin failed in Prader-Willi syndrome.

Recombinant human alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide of 28 amino acids, approved in Japan in 1995 as Hanp for acute heart failure, where it is widely infused as a vasodilator and diuretic without a demonstrated mortality benefit.

A GHRH analog commonly discussed in growth-hormone optimization circles and research-market peptide stacks.

Roche's investigational once-weekly subcutaneous dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist peptide (INN enicepatide), engineered for cAMP-biased signaling with minimal beta-arrestin recruitment, now in phase 3 obesity trials after 48-week phase 2 results of up to 22.7% weight loss.

Pfizer's PF-06882961, an oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist that lowered HbA1c and body weight in phase 2 trials but was discontinued on April 14, 2025 after high gastrointestinal dropout and a potential drug-induced liver injury case.

A once-weekly cAMP-biased GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide from Sciwind Biosciences, approved in China in 2026 for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management, with a United States phase 2 program for an oral tablet and no FDA approval.

An investigational once-weekly GLP-1/glucagon receptor dual agonist, an oxyntomodulin-derived peptide conjugated to an immunoglobulin Fc fragment, originated by Hanmi, trialed in obesity by Janssen, and developed since 2020 by Merck for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist made of a single-residue-modified exendin-4 peptide chemically conjugated to a human IgG4 Fc fragment, developed by Hanmi, licensed to and returned by Sanofi, and approved in South Korea for obesity in October 2026 with no US program.

Akero Therapeutics' Fc-FGF21 fusion protein (AKR-001), a long-acting FGF21 analog in phase 3 development for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis after the HARMONY phase 2b trial showed fibrosis improvement and the SYMMETRY cirrhosis trial missed its primary endpoint.

The trans-isomer of clomiphene, a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator studied as an oral therapy for secondary hypogonadism in men; not a peptide, never approved in the US or EU, and compounded in the US only under FDA's interim enforcement policy.

The 28-amino-acid stomach hormone that is the natural ligand for the GHS-R1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor, requiring an octanoyl group on serine 3 for activity — the modification that makes it chemically fragile and clinically impractical.

A ghrelin-mimetic growth hormone secretagogue often paired with CJC-1295 in research-market discussions.

Family entry for the KISS1-derived peptides (kisspeptin-54, -14, -13 and -10) that activate KISS1R to drive hypothalamic GnRH release; the isoform-specific evidence lives on the kisspeptin-54 and kisspeptin-10 profiles.

The C-terminal decapeptide of the KISS1 gene product that activates the KISS1R (GPR54) receptor on hypothalamic GnRH neurons, used in academic human physiology studies and early-phase reproductive-disorder trials; no approved product exists.

The anterior-pituitary gonadotropin that triggers ovulation and drives Leydig-cell testosterone production; its recombinant form, lutropin alfa (Luveris), was approved in the U.S. in 2004 but had that approval withdrawn in 2016, leaving hCG as the clinical LH-activity surrogate.

Amgen's investigational antibody-peptide conjugate that pairs a GIP receptor-blocking monoclonal antibody with two GLP-1 receptor agonist peptides, now in phase 3 obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular trials.

MBX Biosciences' canvuparatide, a once-weekly fatty-acylated prodrug of parathyroid hormone(1-32) for chronic hypoparathyroidism, met its phase 2 Avail responder endpoint in 2025 and entered the pivotal phase 3 oPTimize trial in August 2026.

An orally active, non-peptide ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist developed by Merck that raises pulsatile growth hormone and IGF-1 secretion; adult programs were discontinued, and the molecule is now in pediatric Phase 3 trials as LUM-201.

A mitochondria-derived peptide studied in metabolic and exercise-related aging discussions.

A native 13-amino-acid peptide found in the brain and small intestine that signals through the NTS1 and NTS2 receptors and sortilin, studied in humans mainly as a physiology probe and never developed into an approved medicine.

A 38-amino-acid neuropeptide of the VIP-secretin-glucagon superfamily that signals through PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors; its preclinical record is neuroprotective, while every drug program built on it blocks the peptide rather than supplying it.

GlycoPEGylated fibroblast growth factor 21 analog, a long-acting protein developed by 89bio, in phase 3 trials for MASH with fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis after positive phase 2 histology and triglyceride results.

An oral triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, not a peptide, that produced roughly 10% weight loss in Phase 2 and a Mexican Phase 3 program but remains unapproved everywhere, with dose-related heart-rate increases and a Lancet expression of concern on its key trial.

Viking Therapeutics' investigational dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist peptide for obesity, developed as both a weekly subcutaneous injection and a daily tablet, now in phase 3 (VANQUISH, SUNRISE) after 13-week phase 2 trials showed up to 14.7% and 12.2% weight loss.

Zealand Pharma's ZP7570, a lipidated GLP-2 analog engineered to activate both GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptors, which lowered body weight in a phase 1b trial, missed its primary endpoint in the phase 2a DREAM trial, and was paused in November 2025.

The native 42-amino-acid incretin hormone secreted by intestinal K cells after meals, which potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin release and whose receptor is a target shared by tirzepatide and retatrutide; no GIP drug product exists.

A once-weekly GLP-1/GIP receptor dual agonist peptide from Jiangsu Hengrui, licensed outside Greater China to Kailera Therapeutics as KAI-9531, with Chinese phase 3 weight-loss and diabetes data, two marketing applications under NMPA review, a fully enrolled global phase 3 program and no approval anywhere.

A gut hormone that acts on GLP-1 and glucagon-related pathways and helped shape the modern obesity-peptide conversation.

A satiety-linked gut hormone that has long been studied in obesity and appetite regulation.

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for testicular tissue bioregulation and age-related hormonal support.

A zinc-dependent nonapeptide hormone secreted by thymic epithelial cells, studied since the 1970s for T-cell differentiation, neuroendocrine signaling, and anti-inflammatory effects, mostly in animal models and older human immunology research.

A small-molecule NNMT inhibitor studied for its potential to increase cellular energy expenditure and reduce fat accumulation by blocking nicotinamide N-methyltransferase.

A peptidomimetic that targets prohibitin on the vasculature of white adipose tissue, inducing apoptosis of fat cells and rapid weight loss in primate models.

Native 13-amino-acid melanocortin hormone cleaved from proopiomelanocortin that activates MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R, driving pigmentation, appetite suppression, and anti-inflammatory signaling; it is the parent molecule of melanotan I, melanotan II, and KPV.

A modified fragment of human growth hormone discussed in weight-management and fat-metabolism circles, but not approved as an FDA drug.

An orally dosed small molecule — not a peptide — that activates all AMPK complexes by protecting the kinase from dephosphorylation, currently in sponsor-run clinical development for obesity and cardiometabolic disease and sold as capsules alongside research peptides.

A small-molecule mitochondrial protonophore uncoupler, not a peptide, identified in a 2014 screen for uncouplers that spare the plasma membrane and studied in mouse models of diet-induced obesity, kidney ischemia, and sepsis.

The tetrasubstituted GRF(1-29) analog sold as CJC-1295 no DAC or Mod GRF 1-29: a stabilized GHRH fragment without the albumin-binding linker of CJC-1295 DAC, with no human studies of its own and no approval anywhere.

A growth hormone secretagogue that appears in older GH-optimization discussions and research-market listings.

A classic growth hormone secretagogue that remains common in peptide-market catalogs despite limited mainstream clinical relevance.

The native 31-amino-acid active form of human glucagon-like peptide-1, cleaved from proglucagon in intestinal L cells, whose one-to-two-minute half-life under DPP-4 is the reason every marketed GLP-1 drug is an analog rather than the hormone itself.

The native 33-amino-acid intestinal hormone cleaved from proglucagon that drives crypt-cell proliferation, mucosal blood flow and nutrient absorption, studied in short bowel syndrome and bone turnover but never approved; its DPP-4-resistant analog teduglutide is the approved drug.

A growth hormone secretagogue and ghrelin-receptor agonist that remains a familiar legacy name in GH-peptide stacks.

The synthetic 16-residue C-terminal tail of human growth hormone, studied in rodents for antilipogenic and lipolytic activity and sold on the research market; its tyrosine-substituted analog AOD-9604 failed a Phase 2b obesity trial and neither form is approved anywhere.

A truncated IGF-1 analog that remains a familiar name in performance and tissue-growth peptide discussions.

A long-acting insulin-like growth factor analog discussed in physique and performance communities rather than approved peptide medicine.

A 67-amino-acid growth factor encoded by the imprinted IGF2 gene, central to fetal development and held in check by a dedicated clearance receptor, with no approved product anywhere and no human trials of its administration.

A 112-amino-acid protein fragment shed from the muscle membrane protein FNDC5, proposed in 2012 as an exercise-induced myokine that browns white fat; its existence, measurement, and function in humans remain disputed, and it has never been administered to people.

The 54-residue kisspeptin isoform, also called metastin, that activates the KISS1R receptor to drive hypothalamic GnRH release; it is the form used in most human reproductive-endocrinology trials, including IVF oocyte-maturation triggering.

The native 33-amino-acid hypothalamic neuropeptide whose loss causes narcolepsy type 1, tested intranasally in small narcolepsy studies and in sleep-deprived monkeys, with no approved product anywhere and no registered development program.

A synthetic amidated tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2) from the Khavinson bioregulator program, attributed to the pancreas and studied in rodent, primate, and one small Ukrainian clinical report for glucose tolerance and islet-cell gene expression.

An orally dosed nitroalkene derivative of salicylate — not a peptide — reported to raise energy expenditure by activating creatine-dependent thermogenesis in adipose tissue, with one completed Phase 1 trial and no marketing authorization anywhere.

A synthetic analog of the first 29 residues of growth hormone-releasing hormone, approved as Geref in 1990 for diagnostic use and in 1997 for pediatric growth hormone deficiency, withdrawn in 2009 for reasons unrelated to safety, and now supplied in the United States through compounding.

A small-molecule ERRα/γ agonist studied as an exercise mimetic, shown to increase oxidative muscle fiber composition and endurance capacity in preclinical models.

A synthetic small molecule — not a peptide — that activates all three estrogen-related receptors and, unlike its predecessor SLU-PP-332, is orally bioavailable, studied in mice as an exercise mimetic with no published human data.

The native 14-amino-acid hypothalamic and gut hormone that inhibits growth hormone, insulin, glucagon and splanchnic blood flow, sold abroad as a hospital infusion for variceal bleeding but never approved in the United States, where octreotide is the clinical analog.

A hypothalamic tripeptide (pGlu-His-Pro-NH2) that triggers pituitary TSH and prolactin release; its two U.S. diagnostic injections are both discontinued, and its neuropsychiatric research record is a long series of rapid but transient effects.

An orally dosed nitroalkene derivative of salicylate — not a peptide — reported to raise energy expenditure by activating creatine-dependent thermogenesis in adipose tissue, with one completed Phase 1 trial and no marketing authorization anywhere.

A peptide-complex extract from animal testicular tissue, sold as oral capsules within the Khavinson bioregulator line and marketed for male reproductive support, with no published sequence, no identified target, and no compound-specific human trials.