⚛️ Cellular & Systemic peptides

A recombinant ActRIIB-IgG1 Fc fusion protein that traps TGF-beta superfamily ligands to promote late-stage red cell maturation, approved by the FDA as Reblozyl in 2019 for transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia and later for lower-risk MDS anemia.

A radioligand in which the small-molecule PSMA inhibitor PSMA-617 carries the beta emitter lutetium-177 into prostate-specific membrane antigen-positive prostate cancer cells, FDA approved since 2022 for metastatic prostate cancer and extended to earlier disease settings in 2025 and 2026.

Amgen's AMG 531, a thrombopoietin-mimetic peptibody that raises platelet counts by activating the TPO receptor, FDA approved as Nplate since August 22, 2008 for immune thrombocytopenia and since 2021 for the hematopoietic syndrome of acute radiation syndrome.

A synthetic, lipidated hepcidin-mimetic peptide that blocks the iron exporter ferroportin, developed by Protagonist Therapeutics as PTG-300 and approved by the FDA in August 2026 as Mimrylo (Takeda) for erythrocytosis in adults with polycythemia vera.

Activin receptor type IIA-Fc fusion protein approved by the FDA on March 26, 2024 as Winrevair (sotatercept-csrk) for pulmonary arterial hypertension, with later label updates from the ZENITH and HYPERION outcome trials.

Elamipretide, a cardiolipin-binding mitochondrial tetrapeptide developed as SS-31, granted FDA accelerated approval in September 2025 as Forzinity for Barth syndrome after failed trials in mitochondrial myopathy and heart failure, and sold widely as a research peptide.

A purine nucleoside analog and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, developed clinically as acadesine for bypass-surgery ischemia and leukemia without success, known in research circles for a 2008 mouse 'exercise mimetic' study and banned by WADA.

An endogenous dipeptide of beta-alanine and L-histidine, concentrated in skeletal muscle and brain, studied for pH buffering, anti-glycation, and carbonyl scavenging; oral doses are rapidly degraded by the serum enzyme carnosinase.

A tripeptide antioxidant composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, central to cellular detoxification, immune function, and oxidative stress defense.

A synthetic nine-residue cationic peptide derived from bovine lactoferricin, injected directly into tumors to lyse cancer cells and release antigens, in Phase 2 testing with pembrolizumab in melanoma and as VP-315 in basal cell carcinoma, with no approval anywhere.

A mitochondria-derived peptide studied in metabolic and exercise-related aging discussions.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme central to cellular energy metabolism and DNA repair, studied for age-related decline and its role in sirtuin activation.

A synthetic pentapeptide (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) reproducing residues 32 to 36 of the thymic hormone thymopoietin, authorized in Italy and produced in China as an immunomodulator but never approved by the FDA after mixed trials in HIV, rheumatoid arthritis and hepatitis B.

A large (~130 kDa) glycosylated transmembrane and circulating protein encoded by the KL gene, known for mouse lifespan genetics and a single-dose rhesus macaque cognition study, with no human trial of the protein itself.

A small-molecule mitochondrial protonophore uncoupler, not a peptide, identified in a 2014 screen for uncouplers that spare the plasma membrane and studied in mouse models of diet-induced obesity, kidney ischemia, and sepsis.

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, attributed to bronchial mucosa and studied in rat lung-injury models and human bronchial epithelial cell cultures, with no human trials.

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Gly) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, marketed as a bronchial peptide but studied by its developers mainly in gastric-ulcer rats, stress models, and a monocyte cell line.

A short peptide associated with longevity and telomere-oriented anti-aging discussion in the research market.

A D-retro-inverso peptide designed to disrupt the FOXO4-p53 interaction in senescent cells, studied as a senolytic agent that selectively induces apoptosis in aging cells.

A TGF-beta superfamily protein almost identical to myostatin in its signaling domain, famous for parabiosis-era rejuvenation claims that later work either failed to reproduce or traced to antibody cross-reactivity.

A mitochondria-associated peptide frequently discussed in longevity circles for cytoprotective and metabolic-interest pathways.

The 26-residue principal toxic peptide of European honey bee venom, a cationic amphipathic helix that lyses cell membranes, with a large preclinical anticancer and antimicrobial literature, no FDA-approved product, and marked hemolytic toxicity.

A synthetic peptide containing an HDM2-binding domain and a membrane-penetrating sequence, studied for selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells expressing surface-bound HDM2.

A chimeric research peptide joining p53 residues 17-26, the HDM-2-binding part of the tumor suppressor's transactivation domain, to a penetratin leader sequence; studied preclinically for selective lysis of cancer cells carrying membrane-bound HDM-2.

An oral capsule preparation of bovine pineal peptide extract from the Khavinson bioregulator program, marketed as the A-8 counterpart to injectable Epithalamin and distinct from the synthetic tetrapeptide epitalon.