Peptide Library

A Novo Nordisk investigational co-agonist targeting GLP-1 and amylin pathways, now closely watched as a next-wave obesity candidate.

A long-acting amylin analogue often discussed alongside GLP-1 therapies in obesity-drug development.

A Novo Nordisk investigational combination of cagrilintide and semaglutide, designed to pair amylin and GLP-1 pathways in obesity.

A selective amylin receptor agonist from Eli Lilly that has moved into Phase 3 obesity trials.

A GLP-1 and glucagon dual agonist developed with Innovent and Lilly, notable for obesity data and approval progress in China.

An oral, once-daily, non-peptide small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist discovered by Chugai and developed by Lilly, approved by the FDA in April 2026 as Foundayo for chronic weight management; a US type 2 diabetes filing was planned for mid-2026 and no FDA action on it has been published, while the UK has approved both indications.

A balanced GLP-1 and glucagon dual agonist from Altimmune with obesity and liver-disease relevance.

A long-acting amylin analog from Zealand Pharma being developed for obesity and overweight.

A next-generation triple agonist targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors, showing unprecedented 24.2% weight loss in clinical trials. Expected FDA approval in 2027.

A GLP-1 receptor agonist used in FDA-approved products for type 2 diabetes, chronic weight management, and additional labeled uses depending on brand and indication.

An investigational dual-agonist obesity and metabolic-disease candidate that shows up in next-wave incretin discussions.

A dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist used in FDA-approved products for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management.

A peptidomimetic that targets prohibitin on the vasculature of white adipose tissue, inducing apoptosis of fat cells and rapid weight loss in primate models.

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist built as a tandem GLP-1 dimer fused to human albumin, approved as Tanzeum in 2014 for type 2 diabetes and withdrawn from sale by GSK in 2018 for commercial reasons, months before its cardiovascular outcomes trial read out positive.

A modified fragment of human growth hormone discussed in weight-management and fat-metabolism circles, but not approved as an FDA drug.

A small-molecule mitochondrial protonophore uncoupler, not a peptide, identified in a 2014 screen for uncouplers that spare the plasma membrane and studied in mouse models of diet-induced obesity, kidney ischemia, and sepsis.

Roche's investigational once-weekly subcutaneous dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist peptide (INN enicepatide), engineered for cAMP-biased signaling with minimal beta-arrestin recruitment, now in phase 3 obesity trials after 48-week phase 2 results of up to 22.7% weight loss.

Pfizer's PF-06882961, an oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist that lowered HbA1c and body weight in phase 2 trials but was discontinued on April 14, 2025 after high gastrointestinal dropout and a potential drug-induced liver injury case.

Zealand Pharma's ZP7570, a lipidated GLP-2 analog engineered to activate both GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptors, which lowered body weight in a phase 1b trial, missed its primary endpoint in the phase 2a DREAM trial, and was paused in November 2025.

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist built as a GLP-1 analog fused to a modified IgG4 Fc domain, approved since 2014 for type 2 diabetes and since 2020 for cardiovascular risk reduction, but never for weight management.

A once-weekly cAMP-biased GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide from Sciwind Biosciences, approved in China in 2026 for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management, with a United States phase 2 program for an oral tablet and no FDA approval.

An investigational once-weekly GLP-1/glucagon receptor dual agonist, an oxyntomodulin-derived peptide conjugated to an immunoglobulin Fc fragment, originated by Hanmi, trialed in obesity by Janssen, and developed since 2020 by Merck for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist made of a single-residue-modified exendin-4 peptide chemically conjugated to a human IgG4 Fc fragment, developed by Hanmi, licensed to and returned by Sanofi, and approved in South Korea for obesity in October 2026 with no US program.

A synthetic 39-amino-acid copy of exendin-4, a Gila monster venom peptide, and the first GLP-1 receptor agonist approved in the United States (2005); every branded product has since been discontinued, leaving a generic twice-daily pen for type 2 diabetes.

The native 42-amino-acid incretin hormone secreted by intestinal K cells after meals, which potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin release and whose receptor is a target shared by tirzepatide and retatrutide; no GIP drug product exists.

The native 31-amino-acid active form of human glucagon-like peptide-1, cleaved from proglucagon in intestinal L cells, whose one-to-two-minute half-life under DPP-4 is the reason every marketed GLP-1 drug is an analog rather than the hormone itself.

The synthetic 16-residue C-terminal tail of human growth hormone, studied in rodents for antilipogenic and lipolytic activity and sold on the research market; its tyrosine-substituted analog AOD-9604 failed a Phase 2b obesity trial and neither form is approved anywhere.

A once-weekly GLP-1/GIP receptor dual agonist peptide from Jiangsu Hengrui, licensed outside Greater China to Kailera Therapeutics as KAI-9531, with Chinese phase 3 weight-loss and diabetes data, two marketing applications under NMPA review, a fully enrolled global phase 3 program and no approval anywhere.

A mitochondria-associated peptide frequently discussed in longevity circles for cytoprotective and metabolic-interest pathways.

A 112-amino-acid protein fragment shed from the muscle membrane protein FNDC5, proposed in 2012 as an exercise-induced myokine that browns white fat; its existence, measurement, and function in humans remain disputed, and it has never been administered to people.

An acylated 31-amino-acid analog of human GLP-1 dosed once daily by subcutaneous injection, approved for type 2 diabetes in 2010 and for chronic weight management in 2014 as the first GLP-1 receptor agonist licensed for obesity.

A 44-amino-acid exendin-4 derivative and once-daily, short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist approved by the FDA in 2016 for type 2 diabetes; the standalone pen was withdrawn from the US market in 2023, leaving only the fixed-ratio insulin glargine combination.

Amgen's investigational antibody-peptide conjugate that pairs a GIP receptor-blocking monoclonal antibody with two GLP-1 receptor agonist peptides, now in phase 3 obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular trials.

A mitochondria-derived peptide studied in metabolic and exercise-related aging discussions.

A gut hormone that acts on GLP-1 and glucagon-related pathways and helped shape the modern obesity-peptide conversation.

A satiety-linked gut hormone that has long been studied in obesity and appetite regulation.

A synthetic 37-amino-acid analog of human amylin, stabilized by three proline substitutions, approved in 2005 as a mealtime adjunct to insulin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes and discontinued by its manufacturer in 2025.

An orally dosed nitroalkene derivative of salicylate — not a peptide — reported to raise energy expenditure by activating creatine-dependent thermogenesis in adipose tissue, with one completed Phase 1 trial and no marketing authorization anywhere.

An orally dosed nitroalkene derivative of salicylate — not a peptide — reported to raise energy expenditure by activating creatine-dependent thermogenesis in adipose tissue, with one completed Phase 1 trial and no marketing authorization anywhere.

An FDA-approved MC4R agonist marketed as Imcivree for specific rare genetic forms of obesity.

An oral triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, not a peptide, that produced roughly 10% weight loss in Phase 2 and a Mexican Phase 3 program but remains unapproved everywhere, with dose-related heart-rate increases and a Lancet expression of concern on its key trial.

Viking Therapeutics' investigational dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist peptide for obesity, developed as both a weekly subcutaneous injection and a daily tablet, now in phase 3 (VANQUISH, SUNRISE) after 13-week phase 2 trials showed up to 14.7% and 12.2% weight loss.

An oral, once-daily, non-peptide small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist discovered by Chugai and developed by Lilly, approved by the FDA in April 2026 as Foundayo for chronic weight management; a US type 2 diabetes filing was planned for mid-2026 and no FDA action on it has been published, while the UK has approved both indications.

A small-molecule NNMT inhibitor studied for its potential to increase cellular energy expenditure and reduce fat accumulation by blocking nicotinamide N-methyltransferase.

A peptidomimetic that targets prohibitin on the vasculature of white adipose tissue, inducing apoptosis of fat cells and rapid weight loss in primate models.

A purine nucleoside analog and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, developed clinically as acadesine for bypass-surgery ischemia and leukemia without success, known in research circles for a 2008 mouse 'exercise mimetic' study and banned by WADA.

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist built as a tandem GLP-1 dimer fused to human albumin, approved as Tanzeum in 2014 for type 2 diabetes and withdrawn from sale by GSK in 2018 for commercial reasons, months before its cardiovascular outcomes trial read out positive.

An orally active small-molecule ghrelin receptor agonist approved in Japan as Adlumiz for cancer cachexia, refused by European regulators in 2017, and never approved in the United States despite a completed phase 3 program.

A synthetic, long-acting glucagon-like peptide-2 analog from Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, dosed once weekly, that reduced parenteral-support volume in the phase 3 STARS trial in short bowel syndrome but must repeat the result in the confirmatory STARS-2 trial, which began enrolling in June 2026, before Ironwood files.

An orally dosed small molecule — not a peptide — that activates all AMPK complexes by protecting the kinase from dephosphorylation, currently in sponsor-run clinical development for obesity and cardiometabolic disease and sold as capsules alongside research peptides.

A small-molecule mitochondrial protonophore uncoupler, not a peptide, identified in a 2014 screen for uncouplers that spare the plasma membrane and studied in mouse models of diet-induced obesity, kidney ischemia, and sepsis.

Roche's investigational once-weekly subcutaneous dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist peptide (INN enicepatide), engineered for cAMP-biased signaling with minimal beta-arrestin recruitment, now in phase 3 obesity trials after 48-week phase 2 results of up to 22.7% weight loss.

Pfizer's PF-06882961, an oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist that lowered HbA1c and body weight in phase 2 trials but was discontinued on April 14, 2025 after high gastrointestinal dropout and a potential drug-induced liver injury case.

Zealand Pharma's ZP7570, a lipidated GLP-2 analog engineered to activate both GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptors, which lowered body weight in a phase 1b trial, missed its primary endpoint in the phase 2a DREAM trial, and was paused in November 2025.

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist built as a GLP-1 analog fused to a modified IgG4 Fc domain, approved since 2014 for type 2 diabetes and since 2020 for cardiovascular risk reduction, but never for weight management.

A once-weekly cAMP-biased GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide from Sciwind Biosciences, approved in China in 2026 for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management, with a United States phase 2 program for an oral tablet and no FDA approval.

An investigational once-weekly GLP-1/glucagon receptor dual agonist, an oxyntomodulin-derived peptide conjugated to an immunoglobulin Fc fragment, originated by Hanmi, trialed in obesity by Janssen, and developed since 2020 by Merck for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist made of a single-residue-modified exendin-4 peptide chemically conjugated to a human IgG4 Fc fragment, developed by Hanmi, licensed to and returned by Sanofi, and approved in South Korea for obesity in October 2026 with no US program.

Akero Therapeutics' Fc-FGF21 fusion protein (AKR-001), a long-acting FGF21 analog in phase 3 development for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis after the HARMONY phase 2b trial showed fibrosis improvement and the SYMMETRY cirrhosis trial missed its primary endpoint.

Lilly's once-weekly basal insulin LY3209590, a single-chain insulin fused to a human IgG2 Fc domain, approved by the FDA on September 23, 2026 as Onswik for adults with type 2 diabetes after the QWINT phase 3 trials.

Merck's MK-0616, an oral macrocyclic peptide that blocks PCSK9 binding to the LDL receptor, approved by the FDA on July 15, 2026 as Lipfendra for LDL-cholesterol lowering after the CORALreef phase 3 trials showed roughly 56 to 60% placebo-adjusted reductions.

A synthetic 39-amino-acid copy of exendin-4, a Gila monster venom peptide, and the first GLP-1 receptor agonist approved in the United States (2005); every branded product has since been discontinued, leaving a generic twice-daily pen for type 2 diabetes.

The 28-amino-acid stomach hormone that is the natural ligand for the GHS-R1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor, requiring an octanoyl group on serine 3 for activity — the modification that makes it chemically fragile and clinically impractical.

The native 42-amino-acid incretin hormone secreted by intestinal K cells after meals, which potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin release and whose receptor is a target shared by tirzepatide and retatrutide; no GIP drug product exists.

A synthetic, long-acting glucagon-like peptide-2 analog from Zealand Pharma that reduced parenteral-support volume in the phase 3 EASE SBS 1 trial in short bowel syndrome, drew an FDA complete response letter in December 2024, received a positive CHMP opinion in Europe in September 2026, with a confirmatory trial, EASE SBS 5, underway in response to the FDA's request for a second trial.

The native 31-amino-acid active form of human glucagon-like peptide-1, cleaved from proglucagon in intestinal L cells, whose one-to-two-minute half-life under DPP-4 is the reason every marketed GLP-1 drug is an analog rather than the hormone itself.

The native 33-amino-acid intestinal hormone cleaved from proglucagon that drives crypt-cell proliferation, mucosal blood flow and nutrient absorption, studied in short bowel syndrome and bone turnover but never approved; its DPP-4-resistant analog teduglutide is the approved drug.

The 29-residue pancreatic alpha-cell hormone that raises blood glucose through the hepatic glucagon receptor, FDA approved since 1960 as an injectable rescue for severe hypoglycemia and a radiologic diagnostic aid, and since 2019 as ready-to-use autoinjectors and a nasal powder.

The synthetic 16-residue C-terminal tail of human growth hormone, studied in rodents for antilipogenic and lipolytic activity and sold on the research market; its tyrosine-substituted analog AOD-9604 failed a Phase 2b obesity trial and neither form is approved anywhere.

A once-weekly GLP-1/GIP receptor dual agonist peptide from Jiangsu Hengrui, licensed outside Greater China to Kailera Therapeutics as KAI-9531, with Chinese phase 3 weight-loss and diabetes data, two marketing applications under NMPA review, a fully enrolled global phase 3 program and no approval anywhere.

A two-chain, 51-amino-acid protein hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells and the first peptide drug ever given to a patient, in 1922; dozens of recombinant human and analog products now hold FDA approval for diabetes.

Novo Nordisk's once-weekly acylated basal insulin analog, approved as Awiqli in Switzerland, Canada, the EU and other markets in 2024 and by the FDA on March 26, 2026 for adults with type 2 diabetes.

A 112-amino-acid protein fragment shed from the muscle membrane protein FNDC5, proposed in 2012 as an exercise-induced myokine that browns white fat; its existence, measurement, and function in humans remain disputed, and it has never been administered to people.

An acylated 31-amino-acid analog of human GLP-1 dosed once daily by subcutaneous injection, approved for type 2 diabetes in 2010 and for chronic weight management in 2014 as the first GLP-1 receptor agonist licensed for obesity.

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for hepatic tissue bioregulation and liver geroprotection.

A 44-amino-acid exendin-4 derivative and once-daily, short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist approved by the FDA in 2016 for type 2 diabetes; the standalone pen was withdrawn from the US market in 2023, leaving only the fixed-ratio insulin glargine combination.

Amgen's investigational antibody-peptide conjugate that pairs a GIP receptor-blocking monoclonal antibody with two GLP-1 receptor agonist peptides, now in phase 3 obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular trials.

MBX Biosciences' canvuparatide, a once-weekly fatty-acylated prodrug of parathyroid hormone(1-32) for chronic hypoparathyroidism, met its phase 2 Avail responder endpoint in 2025 and entered the pivotal phase 3 oPTimize trial in August 2026.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme central to cellular energy metabolism and DNA repair, studied for age-related decline and its role in sirtuin activation.

A native 13-amino-acid peptide found in the brain and small intestine that signals through the NTS1 and NTS2 receptors and sortilin, studied in humans mainly as a physiology probe and never developed into an approved medicine.

The native 33-amino-acid hypothalamic neuropeptide whose loss causes narcolepsy type 1, tested intranasally in small narcolepsy studies and in sleep-deprived monkeys, with no approved product anywhere and no registered development program.

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Leu) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, attributed by its developers to the liver and studied within their own research network mainly as a kidney-protective agent in rats and renal cell cultures.

A synthetic amidated tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2) from the Khavinson bioregulator program, attributed to the pancreas and studied in rodent, primate, and one small Ukrainian clinical report for glucose tolerance and islet-cell gene expression.

GlycoPEGylated fibroblast growth factor 21 analog, a long-acting protein developed by 89bio, in phase 3 trials for MASH with fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis after positive phase 2 histology and triglyceride results.

A synthetic 37-amino-acid analog of human amylin, stabilized by three proline substitutions, approved in 2005 as a mealtime adjunct to insulin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes and discontinued by its manufacturer in 2025.

An orally dosed nitroalkene derivative of salicylate — not a peptide — reported to raise energy expenditure by activating creatine-dependent thermogenesis in adipose tissue, with one completed Phase 1 trial and no marketing authorization anywhere.

An orally dosed nitroalkene derivative of salicylate — not a peptide — reported to raise energy expenditure by activating creatine-dependent thermogenesis in adipose tissue, with one completed Phase 1 trial and no marketing authorization anywhere.

A small-molecule ERRα/γ agonist studied as an exercise mimetic, shown to increase oxidative muscle fiber composition and endurance capacity in preclinical models.

A synthetic small molecule — not a peptide — that activates all three estrogen-related receptors and, unlike its predecessor SLU-PP-332, is orally bioavailable, studied in mice as an exercise mimetic with no published human data.

The native 14-amino-acid hypothalamic and gut hormone that inhibits growth hormone, insulin, glucagon and splanchnic blood flow, sold abroad as a hospital infusion for variceal bleeding but never approved in the United States, where octreotide is the clinical analog.

A recombinant 33-amino-acid analog of glucagon-like peptide-2, engineered for DPP-4 resistance and FDA-approved in 2012 as Gattex, that reduces parenteral-support dependence in short bowel syndrome by expanding the gut's absorptive capacity.

An oral triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, not a peptide, that produced roughly 10% weight loss in Phase 2 and a Mexican Phase 3 program but remains unapproved everywhere, with dose-related heart-rate increases and a Lancet expression of concern on its key trial.

Viking Therapeutics' investigational dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist peptide for obesity, developed as both a weekly subcutaneous injection and a daily tablet, now in phase 3 (VANQUISH, SUNRISE) after 13-week phase 2 trials showed up to 14.7% and 12.2% weight loss.

A myostatin-linked muscle-growth name that remains popular in research-market and performance discussions despite limited conventional therapeutic development.

A recombinant activin receptor type IIB-Fc fusion protein that traps myostatin and related TGF-beta ligands to increase muscle mass; its clinical program went on hold in 2011 after vascular adverse events and the sponsor discontinued development in 2013.

An orally active small-molecule ghrelin receptor agonist approved in Japan as Adlumiz for cancer cachexia, refused by European regulators in 2017, and never approved in the United States despite a completed phase 3 program.

A 15-amino acid peptide derived from human gastric juice, extensively studied for tissue regeneration, gut healing, and injury recovery across multiple systems.

A GHRH analog commonly discussed in growth-hormone optimization circles and research-market peptide stacks.

The tetrasubstituted GRF(1-29) analog sold as CJC-1295 no DAC or Mod GRF 1-29: a stabilized GHRH fragment without the albumin-binding linker of CJC-1295 DAC, with no human studies of its own and no approval anywhere.

The trans-isomer of clomiphene, a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator studied as an oral therapy for secondary hypogonadism in men; not a peptide, never approved in the US or EU, and compounded in the US only under FDA's interim enforcement policy.

A TGF-beta superfamily protein almost identical to myostatin in its signaling domain, famous for parabiosis-era rejuvenation claims that later work either failed to reproduce or traced to antibody cross-reactivity.

A growth hormone secretagogue that appears in older GH-optimization discussions and research-market listings.

A classic growth hormone secretagogue that remains common in peptide-market catalogs despite limited mainstream clinical relevance.

Recombinant 191-amino-acid human growth hormone, sequence-identical to the main 22 kDa pituitary isoform and FDA-approved for growth hormone deficiency and related conditions since the 1980s — and, unlike the secretagogues it is routinely confused with, governed by a federal distribution felony statute of its own.

The native 70-amino-acid growth factor that carries out much of growth hormone's action; its recombinant form, mecasermin, is FDA-approved for severe primary IGF-1 deficiency, while the research market mostly sells engineered analogs instead.

A truncated IGF-1 analog that remains a familiar name in performance and tissue-growth peptide discussions.

A long-acting insulin-like growth factor analog discussed in physique and performance communities rather than approved peptide medicine.

A 67-amino-acid growth factor encoded by the imprinted IGF2 gene, central to fetal development and held in check by a dedicated clearance receptor, with no approved product anywhere and no human trials of its administration.

A ghrelin-mimetic growth hormone secretagogue often paired with CJC-1295 in research-market discussions.

The C-terminal E-domain peptide of the IGF-1Ec splice variant, sold on the research market as a synthetic 24-residue peptide, with rodent and cell data on muscle progenitor cells, a failed industry replication, and no human trials.

An orally active, non-peptide ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist developed by Merck that raises pulsatile growth hormone and IGF-1 secretion; adult programs were discontinued, and the molecule is now in pediatric Phase 3 trials as LUM-201.

The recombinant N-terminal prodomain of GDF-8 that binds mature myostatin and holds it in a latent, inactive complex; it enlarges muscle in mice but has never been given to humans in a registered trial.

A pegylated mechano growth factor analogue often discussed in performance and recovery circles.

A synthetic analog of the first 29 residues of growth hormone-releasing hormone, approved as Geref in 1990 for diagnostic use and in 1997 for pediatric growth hormone deficiency, withdrawn in 2009 for reasons unrelated to safety, and now supplied in the United States through compounding.

A small-molecule ERRα/γ agonist studied as an exercise mimetic, shown to increase oxidative muscle fiber composition and endurance capacity in preclinical models.

A synthetic small molecule — not a peptide — that activates all three estrogen-related receptors and, unlike its predecessor SLU-PP-332, is orally bioavailable, studied in mice as an exercise mimetic with no published human data.

A synthetic version of the active region of thymosin beta-4, commonly discussed for soft-tissue recovery and injury support.

A growth hormone-releasing hormone analog approved in the United States for reducing excess abdominal fat in certain adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

The acetylated N-terminal tetrapeptide of thymosin beta-4, degraded almost exclusively by ACE and studied in animals as an antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory signal, with the only human studies of the administered peptide run in the 1990s as a chemotherapy myeloprotectant.

A copper-binding tripeptide (Ala-His-Lys-Cu) studied for hair follicle stimulation and wound healing, structurally related to GHK-Cu but with a different amino acid sequence.

An endogenous seven-amino-acid peptide of the renin-angiotensin system that activates the MAS receptor and counteracts angiotensin II, developed clinically as TXA127 and tested for two decades across oncology, COVID-19, and muscle-wasting indications without an approval anywhere or a replicated efficacy result.

An erythropoietin-derived peptide fragment studied for tissue-protective and neuropathy-related applications without the red-blood-cell effects of full EPO.

A 15-amino acid peptide derived from human gastric juice, extensively studied for tissue regeneration, gut healing, and injury recovery across multiple systems.

A synthetic tripeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for cartilage-protective and geroprotective effects in preclinical models.

A synthetic hexapeptide analog of Leu-enkephalin (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg) registered as an injectable anti-ulcer and pancreatitis drug in Russia, acting as a peripherally restricted opioid agonist that does not meaningfully cross the blood-brain barrier.

The native 53-amino-acid human growth factor that drives epithelial cell proliferation through the EGF receptor, marketed outside the United States as an intralesional diabetic foot ulcer treatment and used in cosmetics as sh-Oligopeptide-1.

A 155-amino-acid human growth factor that activates every FGF receptor in a heparin-dependent manner, studied in angiogenesis, wound-healing, and nerve-repair trials that never reached approval and sold almost exclusively as a laboratory reagent.

A copper-binding peptide used in cosmetic and wound-healing discussions, especially around skin appearance and tissue signaling.

The native 33-amino-acid intestinal hormone cleaved from proglucagon that drives crypt-cell proliferation, mucosal blood flow and nutrient absorption, studied in short bowel syndrome and bone turnover but never approved; its DPP-4-resistant analog teduglutide is the approved drug.

A tripeptide antioxidant composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, central to cellular detoxification, immune function, and oxidative stress defense.

The native human growth factor FGF-7, secreted by fibroblasts to drive epithelial repair through the FGFR2b receptor; its N-truncated recombinant form palifermin is FDA approved for severe oral mucositis, while KGF-1 itself remains a research reagent.

A short peptide fragment associated with gut-barrier, inflammatory, and tissue-soothing discussions in the peptide market.

A synthetic eight-amino-acid peptide derived from a Vibrio cholerae toxin fragment, developed as an oral zonulin antagonist and tight-junction regulator for celiac disease, whose Phase 3 trial was stopped after a failed interim analysis in 2022.

The C-terminal E-domain peptide of the IGF-1Ec splice variant, sold on the research market as a synthetic 24-residue peptide, with rodent and cell data on muscle progenitor cells, a failed industry replication, and no human trials.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme central to cellular energy metabolism and DNA repair, studied for age-related decline and its role in sirtuin activation.

A mixture of DNA fragments extracted from salmonid fish sperm and studied as an adenosine A2A receptor agonist for wound healing, with prescription products in Italy and South Korea, no US approval, and no peptide structure.

The di-arginine salt form of the 15-amino-acid BPC-157 sequence, marketed as a more stable presentation of the same peptide; no peer-reviewed study or clinical trial exists under the pentadeca arginate name.

A two-chain peptide hormone of the insulin superfamily that signals through the RXFP1 receptor to produce vasodilation and antifibrotic effects, and whose recombinant form, serelaxin, failed the RELAX-AHF-2 phase 3 trial in acute heart failure.

An orally dosed polypeptide complex extracted from the cartilage and bone tissue of young animals, part of the natural branch of the Khavinson bioregulator line, studied almost entirely in Russian-language cell, animal, and uncontrolled clinical work.

Elamipretide, a cardiolipin-binding mitochondrial tetrapeptide developed as SS-31, granted FDA accelerated approval in September 2025 as Forzinity for Barth syndrome after failed trials in mitochondrial myopathy and heart failure, and sold widely as a research peptide.

A synthetic version of the active region of thymosin beta-4, commonly discussed for soft-tissue recovery and injury support.

The seven-amino-acid actin-binding segment of thymosin beta-4 (residues 17-23, LKKTETQ), sold on the research market in N-acetylated form as a smaller synthetic stand-in for the full 43-amino-acid parent peptide.

A recombinant 33-amino-acid analog of glucagon-like peptide-2, engineered for DPP-4 resistance and FDA-approved in 2012 as Gattex, that reduces parenteral-support dependence in short bowel syndrome by expanding the gut's absorptive capacity.

A GHRH analog commonly discussed in growth-hormone optimization circles and research-market peptide stacks.

The tetrasubstituted GRF(1-29) analog sold as CJC-1295 no DAC or Mod GRF 1-29: a stabilized GHRH fragment without the albumin-binding linker of CJC-1295 DAC, with no human studies of its own and no approval anywhere.

A growth hormone secretagogue that appears in older GH-optimization discussions and research-market listings.

A classic growth hormone secretagogue that remains common in peptide-market catalogs despite limited mainstream clinical relevance.

A growth hormone secretagogue and ghrelin-receptor agonist that remains a familiar legacy name in GH-peptide stacks.

Recombinant 191-amino-acid human growth hormone, sequence-identical to the main 22 kDa pituitary isoform and FDA-approved for growth hormone deficiency and related conditions since the 1980s — and, unlike the secretagogues it is routinely confused with, governed by a federal distribution felony statute of its own.

The native 70-amino-acid growth factor that carries out much of growth hormone's action; its recombinant form, mecasermin, is FDA-approved for severe primary IGF-1 deficiency, while the research market mostly sells engineered analogs instead.

A truncated IGF-1 analog that remains a familiar name in performance and tissue-growth peptide discussions.

A long-acting insulin-like growth factor analog discussed in physique and performance communities rather than approved peptide medicine.

A 67-amino-acid growth factor encoded by the imprinted IGF2 gene, central to fetal development and held in check by a dedicated clearance receptor, with no approved product anywhere and no human trials of its administration.

A ghrelin-mimetic growth hormone secretagogue often paired with CJC-1295 in research-market discussions.

A once-weekly prodrug of unmodified human growth hormone in which somatropin is transiently bound to a polyethylene glycol carrier, FDA approved as Skytrofa for pediatric growth hormone deficiency in 2021 and adult growth hormone deficiency in 2025.

An orally active peptidomimetic ghrelin receptor agonist, FDA approved since 2017 as Macrilen, a single-dose oral solution used as a growth hormone stimulation test to diagnose adult growth hormone deficiency.

An orally active, non-peptide ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist developed by Merck that raises pulsatile growth hormone and IGF-1 secretion; adult programs were discontinued, and the molecule is now in pediatric Phase 3 trials as LUM-201.

A pegylated mechano growth factor analogue often discussed in performance and recovery circles.

A PEGylated 191-residue analog of human growth hormone that blocks the growth hormone receptor, FDA approved since 2003 as Somavert for acromegaly, lowering IGF-1 rather than growth hormone itself through once-daily subcutaneous injection.

A synthetic analog of the first 29 residues of growth hormone-releasing hormone, approved as Geref in 1990 for diagnostic use and in 1997 for pediatric growth hormone deficiency, withdrawn in 2009 for reasons unrelated to safety, and now supplied in the United States through compounding.

A once-weekly recombinant human growth hormone derivative, the 191-residue hGH protein carrying a single albumin-binding side chain, FDA approved as Sogroya for adult and pediatric growth hormone deficiency and, since 2026, three non-GHD pediatric growth disorders.

A once-weekly recombinant growth hormone fusion protein, the full hGH sequence flanked by three copies of the hCG beta-subunit C-terminal peptide, FDA approved as Ngenla for pediatric growth hormone deficiency; the adult program missed its primary endpoint.

A growth hormone-releasing hormone analog approved in the United States for reducing excess abdominal fat in certain adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

A Novo Nordisk investigational co-agonist targeting GLP-1 and amylin pathways, now closely watched as a next-wave obesity candidate.

A Lilly investigational peptide candidate being studied in alcohol use disorder, mood disorders, and other craving-linked conditions.

A Novo Nordisk investigational combination of cagrilintide and semaglutide, designed to pair amylin and GLP-1 pathways in obesity.

A selective amylin receptor agonist from Eli Lilly that has moved into Phase 3 obesity trials.

A GLP-1 and glucagon dual agonist developed with Innovent and Lilly, notable for obesity data and approval progress in China.

A balanced GLP-1 and glucagon dual agonist from Altimmune with obesity and liver-disease relevance.

A long-acting amylin analog from Zealand Pharma being developed for obesity and overweight.

A synthetic 34-amino-acid analog of parathyroid hormone-related protein, FDA approved since 2017 as a daily anabolic osteoporosis injection, that activates the PTH type 1 receptor with a bias toward short-lived signaling to stimulate bone formation.

A 13-amino-acid alpha-MSH analog, [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH, approved as a 16 mg subcutaneous implant for erythropoietic protoporphyria that raises eumelanin through MC1R; the same molecule sold on the research market as melanotan I.

Native 13-amino-acid melanocortin hormone cleaved from proopiomelanocortin that activates MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R, driving pigmentation, appetite suppression, and anti-inflammatory signaling; it is the parent molecule of melanotan I, melanotan II, and KPV.

The eight-amino-acid effector hormone of the renin-angiotensin system, marketed as Giapreza, an intravenous vasopressor approved in 2017 to raise blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock that resists conventional vasopressors.

An endogenous peptide ligand for the APJ receptor with cardiovascular and metabolic research relevance.

A GLP-1 receptor antagonist, also known as exendin 9-39, now in Phase 3 for post-bariatric hypoglycemia.

The native 31-residue opioid peptide cleaved from pro-opiomelanocortin in the pituitary and hypothalamus, a mu- and delta-opioid receptor agonist studied by intravenous, intrathecal and epidural routes in small human series around 1980 and never developed into an approved product.

A synthetic 32-amino-acid copy of salmon calcitonin, FDA approved as an injection for Paget's disease of bone, hypercalcemia, and postmenopausal osteoporosis and as a nasal spray for osteoporosis, that suppresses osteoclast activity through the calcitonin receptor.

A long-acting synthetic oxytocin analog approved outside the United States as Duratocin and Pabal to prevent postpartum hemorrhage, with a heat-stable form on the WHO Essential Medicines List; intranasal carbetocin failed in Prader-Willi syndrome.

Recombinant human alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide of 28 amino acids, approved in Japan in 1995 as Hanp for acute heart failure, where it is widely infused as a vasodilator and diuretic without a demonstrated mortality benefit.

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist — EU-authorised in 1999 and FDA-approved in 2000 — used to prevent premature LH surges during controlled ovarian stimulation, suppressing gonadotropins by competitive receptor blockade instead of the flare-then-downregulation route GnRH agonists take.

Synthetic ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone approved in 1996 as Acthrel, a diagnostic injection that distinguishes pituitary from ectopic ACTH secretion in Cushing's syndrome and has been unavailable since its 2020 discontinuation.

The full-length 39-amino-acid adrenocorticotropic hormone, marketed in the United States since 1952 as porcine-derived repository corticotropin injection (Acthar Gel, Purified Cortrophin Gel) for infantile spasms, multiple sclerosis relapses, and other inflammatory conditions.

A neuropeptide related to somatostatin that has been studied for anti-inflammatory, neuroendocrine, and cardiovascular effects.

A synthetic 24-amino-acid peptide identical to the N-terminal segment of adrenocorticotropic hormone, FDA approved since 1970 as Cortrosyn and used worldwide as tetracosactide (Synacthen) as the stimulating agent in the short ACTH test of adrenal cortisol reserve.

A glucagon analog approved in the United States as Zegalogue for severe hypoglycemia.

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist, FDA approved since 2008 as a monthly subcutaneous depot for advanced prostate cancer, that suppresses LH, FSH, and testosterone within days without the initial testosterone surge produced by GnRH agonists.

A synthetic V2-selective analog of vasopressin, FDA approved since 1978, that concentrates urine through renal aquaporin-2 trafficking and raises von Willebrand factor and factor VIII without the pressor activity of the parent hormone.

Lilly's once-weekly basal insulin LY3209590, a single-chain insulin fused to a human IgG2 Fc domain, approved by the FDA on September 23, 2026 as Onswik for adults with type 2 diabetes after the QWINT phase 3 trials.

The trans-isomer of clomiphene, a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator studied as an oral therapy for secondary hypogonadism in men; not a peptide, never approved in the US or EU, and compounded in the US only under FDA's interim enforcement policy.

A synthetic eight-residue peptide calcimimetic built on an all-D-amino-acid backbone, FDA approved since 2017 as an intravenous injection given at the end of hemodialysis, that sensitizes the parathyroid calcium-sensing receptor and lowers parathyroid hormone in secondary hyperparathyroidism.

The pituitary gonadotropin that drives ovarian follicle maturation and Sertoli cell function, licensed in the United States as recombinant follitropin alfa and follitropin beta and as urine-derived menotropins for fertility indications.

A positron-emitting somatostatin analog in which the octapeptide DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate carries gallium-68 to somatostatin receptor-positive cells, FDA approved since 2016 as the PET imaging agent NETSPOT for localizing neuroendocrine tumors.

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist, FDA-approved in 1999 as Antagon and now sold as ganirelix acetate injection and Fyremadel, used in prefilled syringes to prevent premature LH surges during controlled ovarian stimulation.

The 28-amino-acid stomach hormone that is the natural ligand for the GHS-R1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor, requiring an octanoyl group on serine 3 for activity — the modification that makes it chemically fragile and clinically impractical.

The native 31-amino-acid active form of human glucagon-like peptide-1, cleaved from proglucagon in intestinal L cells, whose one-to-two-minute half-life under DPP-4 is the reason every marketed GLP-1 drug is an analog rather than the hormone itself.

The 29-residue pancreatic alpha-cell hormone that raises blood glucose through the hepatic glucagon receptor, FDA approved since 1960 as an injectable rescue for severe hypoglycemia and a radiologic diagnostic aid, and since 2019 as ready-to-use autoinjectors and a nasal powder.

A synthetic decapeptide identical to native gonadotropin-releasing hormone, FDA approved as Factrel in 1982 for pituitary testing and as Lutrepulse in 1989 for ovulation induction, with both US products since discontinued.

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH superagonist delivered as a biodegradable subcutaneous implant, FDA-approved since 1989 as Zoladex for prostate cancer, advanced breast cancer in premenopausal women, endometriosis, and endometrial thinning before ablation.

A dimeric glycoprotein hormone that activates the LH/hCG receptor to drive gonadal steroidogenesis, licensed as an injectable prescription biologic for cryptorchidism, male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and ovulation induction.

A growth hormone secretagogue and ghrelin-receptor agonist that remains a familiar legacy name in GH-peptide stacks.

A synthetic nonapeptide GnRH agonist delivered as a 12-month subcutaneous hydrogel implant — FDA-approved as Supprelin LA for central precocious puberty (2007) and formerly as Vantas for advanced prostate cancer (2004, discontinued 2021) — that suppresses gonadotropins through pituitary desensitization.

A two-chain, 51-amino-acid protein hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells and the first peptide drug ever given to a patient, in 1922; dozens of recombinant human and analog products now hold FDA approval for diabetes.

Novo Nordisk's once-weekly acylated basal insulin analog, approved as Awiqli in Switzerland, Canada, the EU and other markets in 2024 and by the FDA on March 26, 2026 for adults with type 2 diabetes.

Family entry for the KISS1-derived peptides (kisspeptin-54, -14, -13 and -10) that activate KISS1R to drive hypothalamic GnRH release; the isoform-specific evidence lives on the kisspeptin-54 and kisspeptin-10 profiles.

The C-terminal decapeptide of the KISS1 gene product that activates the KISS1R (GPR54) receptor on hypothalamic GnRH neurons, used in academic human physiology studies and early-phase reproductive-disorder trials; no approved product exists.

The 54-residue kisspeptin isoform, also called metastin, that activates the KISS1R receptor to drive hypothalamic GnRH release; it is the form used in most human reproductive-endocrinology trials, including IVF oocyte-maturation triggering.

A long-acting somatostatin analog marketed as Somatuline Depot and used in neuroendocrine and acromegaly-related care.

A synthetic nonapeptide GnRH superagonist that initially stimulates and then durably suppresses gonadotropin secretion, FDA-approved since 1985 in daily and long-acting depot formulations for advanced prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and central precocious puberty.

The anterior-pituitary gonadotropin that triggers ovulation and drives Leydig-cell testosterone production; its recombinant form, lutropin alfa (Luveris), was approved in the U.S. in 2004 but had that approval withdrawn in 2016, leaving hCG as the clinical LH-activity surrogate.

A once-weekly prodrug of unmodified human growth hormone in which somatropin is transiently bound to a polyethylene glycol carrier, FDA approved as Skytrofa for pediatric growth hormone deficiency in 2021 and adult growth hormone deficiency in 2025.

A radiolabeled somatostatin analog in which the octapeptide DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate carries the beta emitter lutetium-177 into somatostatin receptor-positive tumor cells, FDA approved since 2018 for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

An orally active peptidomimetic ghrelin receptor agonist, FDA approved since 2017 as Macrilen, a single-dose oral solution used as a growth hormone stimulation test to diagnose adult growth hormone deficiency.

MBX Biosciences' canvuparatide, a once-weekly fatty-acylated prodrug of parathyroid hormone(1-32) for chronic hypoparathyroidism, met its phase 2 Avail responder endpoint in 2025 and entered the pivotal phase 3 oPTimize trial in August 2026.

A melanocortin peptide analogue tied to pigmentation and photoprotection research, and closely related to the approved drug afamelanotide.

A melanocortin analogue commonly discussed for tanning and cosmetic interest but not approved as an FDA drug.

An FDA-approved leptin analog used in rare metabolic disease, best known in the United States as Myalept.

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH agonist delivered as a metered nasal spray, FDA approved since 1990 for endometriosis and later for central precocious puberty, that suppresses gonadotropin and sex-steroid output through pituitary desensitization.

Ascendis Pharma's TransCon CNP, a once-weekly PEGylated prodrug of a 38-residue C-type natriuretic peptide, approved by the FDA on February 27, 2026 as Yuviwel to increase linear growth in children aged 2 and older with achondroplasia.

Recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide (32 amino acids), approved as Natrecor on August 10, 2001 for acutely decompensated heart failure; after ASCEND-HF found no outcome benefit, the US product was discontinued and the application's approval was withdrawn on June 15, 2020.

A somatostatin analog widely used in endocrine and neuroendocrine medicine, and one of the most important approved peptide drugs missing from many peptide libraries.

The native 33-amino-acid hypothalamic neuropeptide whose loss causes narcolepsy type 1, tested intranasally in small narcolepsy studies and in sleep-deprived monkeys, with no approved product anywhere and no registered development program.

A gut hormone that acts on GLP-1 and glucagon-related pathways and helped shape the modern obesity-peptide conversation.

A peptide hormone used in FDA-approved medical settings but also frequently reframed in wellness and research-market discussions.

Long-acting prodrug of PTH(1-34) built on a transient PEG carrier (TransCon PTH), approved as Yorvipath (EU 2023, FDA 2024) as once-daily parathyroid hormone replacement therapy for adults with hypoparathyroidism.

Full-length 84-amino-acid human parathyroid hormone, the body's principal calcium-regulating hormone; its recombinant form (Natpara) was FDA approved in 2015 for hypoparathyroidism but has since been discontinued worldwide after unresolved manufacturing problems.

An FDA-approved somatostatin analog marketed as Signifor, used in Cushing's disease and related endocrine settings.

A PEGylated 191-residue analog of human growth hormone that blocks the growth hormone receptor, FDA approved since 2003 as Somavert for acromegaly, lowering IGF-1 rather than growth hormone itself through once-daily subcutaneous injection.

A satiety-linked gut hormone that has long been studied in obesity and appetite regulation.

A melanocortin peptide best known in regulated medicine as bremelanotide and in the research market as PT-141.

A two-chain peptide hormone of the insulin superfamily that signals through the RXFP1 receptor to produce vasodilation and antifibrotic effects, and whose recombinant form, serelaxin, failed the RELAX-AHF-2 phase 3 trial in acute heart failure.

A synthetic, lipidated hepcidin-mimetic peptide that blocks the iron exporter ferroportin, developed by Protagonist Therapeutics as PTG-300 and approved by the FDA in August 2026 as Mimrylo (Takeda) for erythrocytosis in adults with polycythemia vera.

A synthetic copy of the 27-amino-acid duodenal hormone secretin, FDA approved since 2004 as ChiRhoStim for pancreatic function testing and gastrinoma diagnosis, and widely known for the autism trials of 1999-2012 that found no benefit.

An FDA-approved MC4R agonist marketed as Imcivree for specific rare genetic forms of obesity.

A once-weekly recombinant human growth hormone derivative, the 191-residue hGH protein carrying a single albumin-binding side chain, FDA approved as Sogroya for adult and pediatric growth hormone deficiency and, since 2026, three non-GHD pediatric growth disorders.

The native 14-amino-acid hypothalamic and gut hormone that inhibits growth hormone, insulin, glucagon and splanchnic blood flow, sold abroad as a hospital infusion for variceal bleeding but never approved in the United States, where octreotide is the clinical analog.

A once-weekly recombinant growth hormone fusion protein, the full hGH sequence flanked by three copies of the hCG beta-subunit C-terminal peptide, FDA approved as Ngenla for pediatric growth hormone deficiency; the adult program missed its primary endpoint.

A splenic polypeptide identified in the 1980s as a near-twin of thymopoietin, differing at a single active-site residue; its bovine sequence runs 49 residues, while the human 48-residue sequence paper was later retracted.

Recombinant human parathyroid hormone fragment PTH(1-34), an FDA-approved bone-anabolic injection (Forteo, 2002) that stimulates new bone formation and reduces fracture risk in high-risk osteoporosis.

A synthetic twelve-residue vasopressin analog and prodrug of lysine-vasopressin that constricts splanchnic vessels through V1 receptors, used for decades in Europe for variceal bleeding and FDA approved since September 2022 for hepatorenal syndrome.

A peptide-complex extract from animal testicular tissue, sold as oral capsules within the Khavinson bioregulator line and marketed for male reproductive support, with no published sequence, no identified target, and no compound-specific human trials.

A hypothalamic tripeptide (pGlu-His-Pro-NH2) that triggers pituitary TSH and prolactin release; its two U.S. diagnostic injections are both discontinued, and its neuropsychiatric research record is a long series of rapid but transient effects.

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH agonist (D-Trp6-GnRH) that briefly stimulates and then durably suppresses gonadotropin release, FDA-approved as pamoate depots for advanced prostate cancer (Trelstar, 2000) and central precocious puberty (Triptodur, 2017).

A cyclic nonapeptide hormone, also called antidiuretic hormone, that controls renal water reabsorption and vascular tone through V1a, V1b, and V2 receptors and is FDA approved as an intravenous vasopressor.

An FDA-approved C-type natriuretic peptide analog marketed as Voxzogo for achondroplasia.

An endogenous dipeptide of beta-alanine and L-histidine, concentrated in skeletal muscle and brain, studied for pH buffering, anti-glycation, and carbonyl scavenging; oral doses are rapidly degraded by the serum enzyme carnosinase.

An oral capsule preparation of bovine pineal peptide extract from the Khavinson bioregulator program, marketed as the A-8 counterpart to injectable Epithalamin and distinct from the synthetic tetrapeptide epitalon.

A short peptide associated with longevity and telomere-oriented anti-aging discussion in the research market.

A TGF-beta superfamily protein almost identical to myostatin in its signaling domain, famous for parabiosis-era rejuvenation claims that later work either failed to reproduce or traced to antibody cross-reactivity.

A tripeptide antioxidant composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, central to cellular detoxification, immune function, and oxidative stress defense.

Recombinant 191-amino-acid human growth hormone, sequence-identical to the main 22 kDa pituitary isoform and FDA-approved for growth hormone deficiency and related conditions since the 1980s — and, unlike the secretagogues it is routinely confused with, governed by a federal distribution felony statute of its own.

A mitochondria-associated peptide frequently discussed in longevity circles for cytoprotective and metabolic-interest pathways.

A large (~130 kDa) glycosylated transmembrane and circulating protein encoded by the KL gene, known for mouse lifespan genetics and a single-dose rhesus macaque cognition study, with no human trial of the protein itself.

Lipotec's (now Lubrizol's) trade name for pentapeptide-18 (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH), a metabolically stabilized leu-enkephalin analog sold as a topical cosmetic ingredient and studied for softening expression lines by damping neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction.

Sederma's trade name for palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 (pal-KTTKS), a fatty-acid-conjugated fragment of type I procollagen used in topical cosmetic formulations and studied for collagen-signaling and wrinkle-reduction effects in skin.

A mitochondria-derived peptide studied in metabolic and exercise-related aging discussions.

A synthetic lipopeptide pairing the collagen-derived matrikine GHK with a palmitic-acid chain for skin penetration, used in topical cosmetics and best known as the collagen-signaling half of the Matrixyl 3000 blend.

Sederma's trade name for palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 (Pal-GQPR, CAS 221227-05-0), a palmitoylated fragment of human immunoglobulin G used in topical cosmetics for reported IL-6-modulating, skin-soothing effects and best known as half of the Matrixyl 3000 blend.

An orally dosed polypeptide complex extracted from the cartilage and bone tissue of young animals, part of the natural branch of the Khavinson bioregulator line, studied almost entirely in Russian-language cell, animal, and uncontrolled clinical work.

A synthetic cosmetic peptidomimetic (INCI: dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate) designed to imitate waglerin-1 from temple viper venom, marketed for topical expression-line smoothing on a manufacturer-described mechanism of reversible antagonism at the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

A zinc-dependent nonapeptide hormone secreted by thymic epithelial cells, studied since the 1970s for T-cell differentiation, neuroendocrine signaling, and anti-inflammatory effects, mostly in animal models and older human immunology research.

A synthetic 34-amino-acid analog of parathyroid hormone-related protein, FDA approved since 2017 as a daily anabolic osteoporosis injection, that activates the PTH type 1 receptor with a bias toward short-lived signaling to stimulate bone formation.

An orally dosed small molecule — not a peptide — that activates all AMPK complexes by protecting the kinase from dephosphorylation, currently in sponsor-run clinical development for obesity and cardiometabolic disease and sold as capsules alongside research peptides.

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, attributed to bronchial mucosa and studied in rat lung-injury models and human bronchial epithelial cell cultures, with no human trials.

A synthetic 32-amino-acid copy of salmon calcitonin, FDA approved as an injection for Paget's disease of bone, hypercalcemia, and postmenopausal osteoporosis and as a nasal spray for osteoporosis, that suppresses osteoclast activity through the calcitonin receptor.

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for cardiovascular tissue bioregulation and cardiac geroprotection.

An endogenous dipeptide of beta-alanine and L-histidine, concentrated in skeletal muscle and brain, studied for pH buffering, anti-glycation, and carbonyl scavenging; oral doses are rapidly degraded by the serum enzyme carnosinase.

A synthetic tripeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for cartilage-protective and geroprotective effects in preclinical models.

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Gly) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, marketed as a bronchial peptide but studied by its developers mainly in gastric-ulcer rats, stress models, and a monocyte cell line.

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) from the Khavinson bioregulator program, designed from amino-acid analysis of the Cortexin brain-cortex extract and studied in rodents and tissue culture for cortical explant growth, nerve regeneration, and antioxidant effects.

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Pro) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, identified as a minor component of the thymus extract Thymalin and studied in Russian preclinical work for thymic and immune effects in aging.

An oral capsule preparation of bovine pineal peptide extract from the Khavinson bioregulator program, marketed as the A-8 counterpart to injectable Epithalamin and distinct from the synthetic tetrapeptide epitalon.

A D-retro-inverso peptide designed to disrupt the FOXO4-p53 interaction in senescent cells, studied as a senolytic agent that selectively induces apoptosis in aging cells.

A TGF-beta superfamily protein almost identical to myostatin in its signaling domain, famous for parabiosis-era rejuvenation claims that later work either failed to reproduce or traced to antibody cross-reactivity.

A large (~130 kDa) glycosylated transmembrane and circulating protein encoded by the KL gene, known for mouse lifespan genetics and a single-dose rhesus macaque cognition study, with no human trial of the protein itself.

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for hepatic tissue bioregulation and liver geroprotection.

The recombinant N-terminal prodomain of GDF-8 that binds mature myostatin and holds it in a latent, inactive complex; it enlarges muscle in mice but has never been given to humans in a registered trial.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme central to cellular energy metabolism and DNA repair, studied for age-related decline and its role in sirtuin activation.

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Leu) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, attributed by its developers to the liver and studied within their own research network mainly as a kidney-protective agent in rats and renal cell cultures.

Long-acting prodrug of PTH(1-34) built on a transient PEG carrier (TransCon PTH), approved as Yorvipath (EU 2023, FDA 2024) as once-daily parathyroid hormone replacement therapy for adults with hypoparathyroidism.

A synthetic amidated tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2) from the Khavinson bioregulator program, attributed to the pancreas and studied in rodent, primate, and one small Ukrainian clinical report for glucose tolerance and islet-cell gene expression.

Full-length 84-amino-acid human parathyroid hormone, the body's principal calcium-regulating hormone; its recombinant form (Natpara) was FDA approved in 2015 for hypoparathyroidism but has since been discontinued worldwide after unresolved manufacturing problems.

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) developed by the Khavinson group as a pineal gland bioregulator, studied for neuroprotective and geroprotective effects.

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for prostatic tissue bioregulation and geroprotective effects.

An orally dosed polypeptide complex extracted from the cartilage and bone tissue of young animals, part of the natural branch of the Khavinson bioregulator line, studied almost entirely in Russian-language cell, animal, and uncontrolled clinical work.

Elamipretide, a cardiolipin-binding mitochondrial tetrapeptide developed as SS-31, granted FDA accelerated approval in September 2025 as Forzinity for Barth syndrome after failed trials in mitochondrial myopathy and heart failure, and sold widely as a research peptide.

Recombinant human parathyroid hormone fragment PTH(1-34), an FDA-approved bone-anabolic injection (Forteo, 2002) that stimulates new bone formation and reduces fracture risk in high-risk osteoporosis.

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for testicular tissue bioregulation and age-related hormonal support.

A peptide-complex extract from animal testicular tissue, sold as oral capsules within the Khavinson bioregulator line and marketed for male reproductive support, with no published sequence, no identified target, and no compound-specific human trials.

A synthetic dipeptide (Glu-Trp) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for thymic bioregulation and immune system support in aging.

A synthetic tripeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for vascular endothelial bioregulation and cardiovascular geroprotection.

A synthetic dipeptide (Lys-Glu) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for thymic and immune system bioregulation and geroprotective effects.

An oral preparation of low-molecular-weight peptides extracted from calf thymus, designated A-6 in the Khavinson bioregulator line, marketed for immune support on the strength of injectable thymus-extract literature rather than any study of the product itself.

A synthetic acetylated tetrapeptide (Ac-beta-Ala-His-Ser-His-OH) developed by Lipotec as the cosmetic ingredient Eyeseryl for under-eye puffiness, with a proposed angiotensin-converting-enzyme and anti-glycation mechanism supported almost entirely by supplier in vitro data and small uncontrolled cosmetic studies.

A 13-amino-acid alpha-MSH analog, [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH, approved as a 16 mg subcutaneous implant for erythropoietic protoporphyria that raises eumelanin through MC1R; the same molecule sold on the research market as melanotan I.

A copper-binding tripeptide (Ala-His-Lys-Cu) studied for hair follicle stimulation and wound healing, structurally related to GHK-Cu but with a different amino acid sequence.

Native 13-amino-acid melanocortin hormone cleaved from proopiomelanocortin that activates MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R, driving pigmentation, appetite suppression, and anti-inflammatory signaling; it is the parent molecule of melanotan I, melanotan II, and KPV.

Trade name for acetyl hexapeptide-8, a synthetic six-residue mimic of the SNAP-25 N-terminus used as a topical cosmetic ingredient and marketed as a non-toxic, botulinum-toxin-like approach to expression wrinkles.

A synthetic ten-residue peptide (Tyr-Arg-Ser-Arg-Lys-Tyr-Ser-Ser-Trp-Tyr) identified in a tyrosinase-inhibitor screen and sold from 2009 as the cosmetic brightening ingredient Lumixyl, with human evidence limited to a five-person split-face pilot and small open-label regimen studies.

A synthetic all-D-amino-acid tetrapeptide that selectively activates peripheral kappa-opioid receptors, FDA approved since 2021 as Korsuva, an intravenous injection given at the end of hemodialysis for moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease-associated itch.

The native 53-amino-acid human growth factor that drives epithelial cell proliferation through the EGF receptor, marketed outside the United States as an intralesional diabetic foot ulcer treatment and used in cosmetics as sh-Oligopeptide-1.

A copper-binding peptide used in cosmetic and wound-healing discussions, especially around skin appearance and tissue signaling.

The native human growth factor FGF-7, secreted by fibroblasts to drive epithelial repair through the FGFR2b receptor; its N-truncated recombinant form palifermin is FDA approved for severe oral mucositis, while KGF-1 itself remains a research reagent.

A short peptide fragment associated with gut-barrier, inflammatory, and tissue-soothing discussions in the peptide market.

Lipotec's (now Lubrizol's) trade name for pentapeptide-18 (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH), a metabolically stabilized leu-enkephalin analog sold as a topical cosmetic ingredient and studied for softening expression lines by damping neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction.

Sederma's trade name for palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 (pal-KTTKS), a fatty-acid-conjugated fragment of type I procollagen used in topical cosmetic formulations and studied for collagen-signaling and wrinkle-reduction effects in skin.

A melanocortin peptide analogue tied to pigmentation and photoprotection research, and closely related to the approved drug afamelanotide.

A melanocortin analogue commonly discussed for tanning and cosmetic interest but not approved as an FDA drug.

A synthetic lipopeptide pairing the collagen-derived matrikine GHK with a palmitic-acid chain for skin penetration, used in topical cosmetics and best known as the collagen-signaling half of the Matrixyl 3000 blend.

A mixture of DNA fragments extracted from salmonid fish sperm and studied as an adenosine A2A receptor agonist for wound healing, with prescription products in Italy and South Korea, no US approval, and no peptide structure.

A melanocortin peptide best known in regulated medicine as bremelanotide and in the research market as PT-141.

A synthetic fusion peptide pairing a cell-penetrating protein transduction domain with the Dishevelled-binding motif of CXXC5, studied topically in mice for hair regrowth and wound healing via Wnt/beta-catenin pathway activation.

Sederma's trade name for palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 (Pal-GQPR, CAS 221227-05-0), a palmitoylated fragment of human immunoglobulin G used in topical cosmetics for reported IL-6-modulating, skin-soothing effects and best known as half of the Matrixyl 3000 blend.

A cosmetic-facing peptide often discussed in topical anti-wrinkle and expression-line products.

A synthetic cosmetic peptidomimetic (INCI: dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate) designed to imitate waglerin-1 from temple viper venom, marketed for topical expression-line smoothing on a manufacturer-described mechanism of reversible antagonism at the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

A high-curiosity neurotrophic research peptide discussed for cognition and synaptogenesis, but still lacking real clinical development.

A research-market analog of Semax described by its sellers as the Semax heptapeptide acetylated at the N-terminus and capped at the C-terminus with the aminoadamantane unit of Peptide 021; the design has no published synthesis, pharmacology, or human data of its own.

An Austrian prescription injectable made from enzymatically digested pig brain protein — a mixture of sub-10 kDa peptides and free amino acids, approved for stroke, dementia, and head injury in parts of Europe and Asia but never reviewed by the FDA.

A peptide complex extracted from calf cerebral cortex and sold as oral capsules in the Khavinson bioregulator line, distinct from the defined synthetic bioregulator peptides and without any published study naming the product itself.

A Russian prescription injectable made from a water-soluble polypeptide fraction of cattle or pig cerebral cortex, marketed for stroke and encephalopathy — an undefined tissue extract rather than a single peptide, never reviewed by the FDA.

A synthetic eight-amino-acid fragment (NAPVSIPQ) of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein, developed as an intranasal microtubule-stabilizing tau therapy, whose 313-patient phase 2/3 trial in progressive supranuclear palsy was negative on every endpoint.

A peptide discussed for sleep-related and neuroregulatory interest, though its evidence base is far less concrete than vendor listings suggest.

A 15-residue synthetic peptide copied from the second fibronectin type III module of NCAM that binds and activates FGFR1, studied in rodents for memory, synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection; under its clinical designation FGLL it completed a single phase 1 study in healthy volunteers.

A synthetic hexapeptide (Thr-Gly-Glu-Asn-His-Arg) corresponding to residues 41–46 of human leukemia differentiation factor, studied almost entirely by one Russian research network — in rodent models of neurodegeneration and, on a separate track, as a tumor-cell differentiating agent — with no human trial anywhere.

A free-acid N-acetylated analog of the Russian anxiolytic peptide Selank, capped at the N-terminus while retaining the native C-terminal carboxyl, sold in the research market with no published studies of its own.

A free-acid N-acetylated analog of Semax, the Russian intranasal nootropic, capped at the N-terminus while retaining the native C-terminal carboxyl; the capped peptide itself has just two published papers, both chemistry-led, and no clinical record.

An N-acetylated, amidated form of Semax designed for enhanced stability, studied for nootropic and neuroprotective effects via BDNF upregulation and melanocortin receptor activity.

A native 13-amino-acid peptide found in the brain and small intestine that signals through the NTS1 and NTS2 receptors and sortilin, studied in humans mainly as a physiology probe and never developed into an approved medicine.

A synthetic, orally active analog of cyclic glycine-proline, an endogenous IGF-1 metabolite, developed by Neuren Pharmaceuticals (proposed INN ercanetide) for Phelan-McDermid, Pitt Hopkins and Angelman syndromes, with a placebo-controlled phase 3 trial in Phelan-McDermid syndrome under way since late 2025.

An orally active dipeptide-derived small molecule — INN omberacetam — registered as a prescription nootropic in Russia and sold on the Western research market with no randomized or placebo-controlled human trial, no registered clinical study, and no FDA approval.

The native 33-amino-acid hypothalamic neuropeptide whose loss causes narcolepsy type 1, tested intranasally in small narcolepsy studies and in sleep-deprived monkeys, with no approved product anywhere and no registered development program.

A synthetic, orally active ciliary neurotrophic factor peptide mimetic (Ac-DGGLAG-NH2) from Khalid Iqbal's laboratory, studied only in rodent models of Alzheimer's disease, aging and Down syndrome, with no human trials and no regulatory approval.

A 38-amino-acid neuropeptide of the VIP-secretin-glucagon superfamily that signals through PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors; its preclinical record is neuroprotective, while every drug program built on it blocks the peptide rather than supplying it.

A synthetic peptide associated with anxiolytic and cognitive-interest discussions in nootropic communities.

A synthetic neuropeptide analog often discussed for cognitive and neuroprotection-related interest in research-market circles.

A hypothalamic tripeptide (pGlu-His-Pro-NH2) that triggers pituitary TSH and prolactin release; its two U.S. diagnostic injections are both discontinued, and its neuropsychiatric research record is a long series of rapid but transient effects.

A synthetic, orally bioavailable analog of the IGF-1 N-terminal tripeptide glycine-proline-glutamate, FDA approved in March 2023 as Daybue, the first treatment for Rett syndrome, after earlier programs in traumatic brain injury and fragile X syndrome did not progress.

A research-market analog of Semax described by its sellers as the Semax heptapeptide acetylated at the N-terminus and capped at the C-terminus with the aminoadamantane unit of Peptide 021; the design has no published synthesis, pharmacology, or human data of its own.

An endogenous seven-amino-acid peptide of the renin-angiotensin system that activates the MAS receptor and counteracts angiotensin II, developed clinically as TXA127 and tested for two decades across oncology, COVID-19, and muscle-wasting indications without an approval anywhere or a replicated efficacy result.

The native 31-residue opioid peptide cleaved from pro-opiomelanocortin in the pituitary and hypothalamus, a mu- and delta-opioid receptor agonist studied by intravenous, intrathecal and epidural routes in small human series around 1980 and never developed into an approved product.

A recombinant human nerve growth factor produced in E. coli, FDA approved since 2018 as Oxervate eye drops for neurotrophic keratitis, that acts through TrkA and p75 receptors to restore corneal nerve function and epithelial healing.

An Austrian prescription injectable made from enzymatically digested pig brain protein — a mixture of sub-10 kDa peptides and free amino acids, approved for stroke, dementia, and head injury in parts of Europe and Asia but never reviewed by the FDA.

A peptide complex extracted from calf cerebral cortex and sold as oral capsules in the Khavinson bioregulator line, distinct from the defined synthetic bioregulator peptides and without any published study naming the product itself.

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) from the Khavinson bioregulator program, designed from amino-acid analysis of the Cortexin brain-cortex extract and studied in rodents and tissue culture for cortical explant growth, nerve regeneration, and antioxidant effects.

A Russian prescription injectable made from a water-soluble polypeptide fraction of cattle or pig cerebral cortex, marketed for stroke and encephalopathy — an undefined tissue extract rather than a single peptide, never reviewed by the FDA.

A synthetic eight-amino-acid fragment (NAPVSIPQ) of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein, developed as an intranasal microtubule-stabilizing tau therapy, whose 313-patient phase 2/3 trial in progressive supranuclear palsy was negative on every endpoint.

An eleven-residue, C-terminally amidated peptide predicted to be cleaved from the prodomain of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor precursor, studied in rat and nonhuman-primate Parkinson's models with no human trials.

A 15-residue synthetic peptide copied from the second fibronectin type III module of NCAM that binds and activates FGFR1, studied in rodents for memory, synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection; under its clinical designation FGLL it completed a single phase 1 study in healthy volunteers.

A synthetic hexapeptide (Thr-Gly-Glu-Asn-His-Arg) corresponding to residues 41–46 of human leukemia differentiation factor, studied almost entirely by one Russian research network — in rodent models of neurodegeneration and, on a separate track, as a tumor-cell differentiating agent — with no human trial anywhere.

A 112-amino-acid protein fragment shed from the muscle membrane protein FNDC5, proposed in 2012 as an exercise-induced myokine that browns white fat; its existence, measurement, and function in humans remain disputed, and it has never been administered to people.

An endogenous opioid pentapeptide (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu) isolated from brain in 1975 that preferentially activates delta-opioid receptors, is degraded within minutes by peptidases, and circulates today as a laboratory reference reagent rather than a therapeutic.

An endogenous opioid pentapeptide (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met), also called Opioid Growth Factor, studied as a tonic inhibitor of cell proliferation through a non-classical receptor; its small human trials in cancer and autoimmune disease were open-label or terminated, and the one industry development program was abandoned over pharmacokinetics.

A free-acid N-acetylated analog of the Russian anxiolytic peptide Selank, capped at the N-terminus while retaining the native C-terminal carboxyl, sold in the research market with no published studies of its own.

A free-acid N-acetylated analog of Semax, the Russian intranasal nootropic, capped at the N-terminus while retaining the native C-terminal carboxyl; the capped peptide itself has just two published papers, both chemistry-led, and no clinical record.

An N-acetylated, amidated form of Selank designed for enhanced stability and nasal bioavailability, studied for anxiolytic and nootropic effects via tuftsin-related immune modulation.

An N-acetylated, amidated form of Semax designed for enhanced stability, studied for nootropic and neuroprotective effects via BDNF upregulation and melanocortin receptor activity.

A native 13-amino-acid peptide found in the brain and small intestine that signals through the NTS1 and NTS2 receptors and sortilin, studied in humans mainly as a physiology probe and never developed into an approved medicine.

A synthetic, orally active analog of cyclic glycine-proline, an endogenous IGF-1 metabolite, developed by Neuren Pharmaceuticals (proposed INN ercanetide) for Phelan-McDermid, Pitt Hopkins and Angelman syndromes, with a placebo-controlled phase 3 trial in Phelan-McDermid syndrome under way since late 2025.

An orally active dipeptide-derived small molecule — INN omberacetam — registered as a prescription nootropic in Russia and sold on the Western research market with no randomized or placebo-controlled human trial, no registered clinical study, and no FDA approval.

A synthetic, orally active ciliary neurotrophic factor peptide mimetic (Ac-DGGLAG-NH2) from Khalid Iqbal's laboratory, studied only in rodent models of Alzheimer's disease, aging and Down syndrome, with no human trials and no regulatory approval.

A 38-amino-acid neuropeptide of the VIP-secretin-glucagon superfamily that signals through PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors; its preclinical record is neuroprotective, while every drug program built on it blocks the peptide rather than supplying it.

A seven-amino acid fragment of the neuropeptide spadin, studied as a TREK-1 channel blocker with potential antidepressant-like effects in preclinical models.

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) developed by the Khavinson group as a pineal gland bioregulator, studied for neuroprotective and geroprotective effects.

Injectable complex of water-soluble polypeptide fractions extracted from cattle retina, used in Russian ophthalmology for glaucoma and retinal disease; its evidence base is largely Russian-language clinical literature, with no FDA approval or registered Western trials.

An endogenous 11-amino-acid tachykinin encoded by the TAC1 gene that activates the neurokinin-1 receptor in pain, vasodilation and neuroimmune signaling, with no approved product anywhere and only small human provocation studies.

A synthetic, orally bioavailable analog of the IGF-1 N-terminal tripeptide glycine-proline-glutamate, FDA approved in March 2023 as Daybue, the first treatment for Rett syndrome, after earlier programs in traumatic brain injury and fragile X syndrome did not progress.

A naturally occurring tetrapeptide, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg, cut from the Fc region of immunoglobulin G that stimulates macrophage and microglial phagocytosis through neuropilin-1, studied extensively in animal models of demyelination and infection yet never approved anywhere.

A synthetic 25-residue omega-conotoxin MVIIA from the cone snail Conus magus that blocks N-type voltage-gated calcium channels; FDA-approved as Prialt (2004) for severe chronic pain by intrathecal infusion only.

The acetylated N-terminal tetrapeptide of thymosin beta-4, degraded almost exclusively by ACE and studied in animals as an antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory signal, with the only human studies of the administered peptide run in the 1990s as a chemotherapy myeloprotectant.

A native 52-amino-acid vasodilator peptide of the calcitonin family, isolated from human pheochromocytoma in 1993 and tested by Japanese investigators as an intravenous infusion for ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, stroke and COVID-19 pneumonia without any approved product.

The eight-amino-acid effector hormone of the renin-angiotensin system, marketed as Giapreza, an intravenous vasopressor approved in 2017 to raise blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock that resists conventional vasopressors.

An endogenous seven-amino-acid peptide of the renin-angiotensin system that activates the MAS receptor and counteracts angiotensin II, developed clinically as TXA127 and tested for two decades across oncology, COVID-19, and muscle-wasting indications without an approval anywhere or a replicated efficacy result.

An orally dosed small molecule — not a peptide — that activates all AMPK complexes by protecting the kinase from dephosphorylation, currently in sponsor-run clinical development for obesity and cardiometabolic disease and sold as capsules alongside research peptides.

A synthetic 20-residue hirudin-derived direct thrombin inhibitor (Hirulog) that reversibly blocks both the active site and exosite I of thrombin; FDA-approved as Angiomax (2000) for intravenous anticoagulation during percutaneous coronary intervention.

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for cardiovascular tissue bioregulation and cardiac geroprotection.

Recombinant human alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide of 28 amino acids, approved in Japan in 1995 as Hanp for acute heart failure, where it is widely infused as a vasodilator and diuretic without a demonstrated mortality benefit.

A 37-amino-acid sensory neuropeptide and one of the most potent vasodilators described in humans; every FDA-approved drug in this space blocks CGRP rather than supplying it, and the peptide itself has no approved product.

A 65-amino-acid recombinant hirudin (desulfato-hirudin) and subcutaneous direct thrombin inhibitor approved by the FDA as Iprivask in 2003 for deep-vein thrombosis prophylaxis after hip replacement; the product was later discontinued in the United States.

A synthetic V2-selective analog of vasopressin, FDA approved since 1978, that concentrates urine through renal aquaporin-2 trafficking and raises von Willebrand factor and factor VIII without the pressor activity of the parent hormone.

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist built as a GLP-1 analog fused to a modified IgG4 Fc domain, approved since 2014 for type 2 diabetes and since 2020 for cardiovascular risk reduction, but never for weight management.

Merck's MK-0616, an oral macrocyclic peptide that blocks PCSK9 binding to the LDL receptor, approved by the FDA on July 15, 2026 as Lipfendra for LDL-cholesterol lowering after the CORALreef phase 3 trials showed roughly 56 to 60% placebo-adjusted reductions.

A synthetic cyclic heptapeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist modeled on the KGD motif of barbourin, a pygmy rattlesnake venom disintegrin; FDA-approved as Integrilin (1998) for intravenous antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention.

A 155-amino-acid human growth factor that activates every FGF receptor in a heparin-dependent manner, studied in angiogenesis, wound-healing, and nerve-repair trials that never reached approval and sold almost exclusively as a laboratory reagent.

A synthetic decapeptide bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, FDA approved since 2011 (generics since 2019) as a self-administered subcutaneous injection for acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adults, that failed in ACE-inhibitor angioedema and COVID-19 trials.

A synthetic 12-amino-acid TREM-1 inhibitor peptide derived from TREM-like transcript-1, infused intravenously in septic shock and COVID-19 trials, that did not meet its phase 2b primary endpoint and passed to Genfit in 2026 for a planned liver-failure trial.

Recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide (32 amino acids), approved as Natrecor on August 10, 2001 for acutely decompensated heart failure; after ASCEND-HF found no outcome benefit, the US product was discontinued and the application's approval was withdrawn on June 15, 2020.

GlycoPEGylated fibroblast growth factor 21 analog, a long-acting protein developed by 89bio, in phase 3 trials for MASH with fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis after positive phase 2 histology and triglyceride results.

A two-chain peptide hormone of the insulin superfamily that signals through the RXFP1 receptor to produce vasodilation and antifibrotic effects, and whose recombinant form, serelaxin, failed the RELAX-AHF-2 phase 3 trial in acute heart failure.

Activin receptor type IIA-Fc fusion protein approved by the FDA on March 26, 2024 as Winrevair (sotatercept-csrk) for pulmonary arterial hypertension, with later label updates from the ZENITH and HYPERION outcome trials.

Elamipretide, a cardiolipin-binding mitochondrial tetrapeptide developed as SS-31, granted FDA accelerated approval in September 2025 as Forzinity for Barth syndrome after failed trials in mitochondrial myopathy and heart failure, and sold widely as a research peptide.

A synthetic twelve-residue vasopressin analog and prodrug of lysine-vasopressin that constricts splanchnic vessels through V1 receptors, used for decades in Europe for variceal bleeding and FDA approved since September 2022 for hepatorenal syndrome.

A cyclic nonapeptide hormone, also called antidiuretic hormone, that controls renal water reabsorption and vascular tone through V1a, V1b, and V2 receptors and is FDA approved as an intravenous vasopressor.

A synthetic tripeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for vascular endothelial bioregulation and cardiovascular geroprotection.

A native 52-amino-acid vasodilator peptide of the calcitonin family, isolated from human pheochromocytoma in 1993 and tested by Japanese investigators as an intravenous infusion for ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, stroke and COVID-19 pneumonia without any approved product.

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, attributed to bronchial mucosa and studied in rat lung-injury models and human bronchial epithelial cell cultures, with no human trials.

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Gly) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, marketed as a bronchial peptide but studied by its developers mainly in gastric-ulcer rats, stress models, and a monocyte cell line.

The full-length 39-amino-acid adrenocorticotropic hormone, marketed in the United States since 1952 as porcine-derived repository corticotropin injection (Acthar Gel, Purified Cortrophin Gel) for infantile spasms, multiple sclerosis relapses, and other inflammatory conditions.

A neuropeptide related to somatostatin that has been studied for anti-inflammatory, neuroendocrine, and cardiovascular effects.

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Pro) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, identified as a minor component of the thymus extract Thymalin and studied in Russian preclinical work for thymic and immune effects in aging.

A 60-amino-acid recombinant plasma kallikrein inhibitor engineered by phage display from a Kunitz domain of tissue factor pathway inhibitor, FDA approved since 2009 as Kalbitor for acute hereditary angioedema attacks, carrying a boxed anaphylaxis warning.

A synthetic 36-amino-acid peptide copied from the HR2 region of HIV-1 gp41 that blocks fusion of the virus with CD4 cells, granted accelerated approval as Fuzeon on March 13, 2003 for treatment-experienced HIV-1 infection and discontinued in the United States in 2025.

A synthetic decapeptide bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, FDA approved since 2011 (generics since 2019) as a self-administered subcutaneous injection for acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adults, that failed in ACE-inhibitor angioedema and COVID-19 trials.

A short peptide fragment associated with gut-barrier, inflammatory, and tissue-soothing discussions in the peptide market.

A synthetic eight-amino-acid peptide derived from a Vibrio cholerae toxin fragment, developed as an oral zonulin antagonist and tight-junction regulator for celiac disease, whose Phase 3 trial was stopped after a failed interim analysis in 2022.

A host-defense peptide associated with innate immunity and tissue-response discussions.

A synthetic nine-residue cationic peptide derived from bovine lactoferricin, injected directly into tumors to lyse cancer cells and release antigens, in Phase 2 testing with pembrolizumab in melanoma and as VP-315 in basal cell carcinoma, with no approval anywhere.

The 26-residue principal toxic peptide of European honey bee venom, a cationic amphipathic helix that lyses cell membranes, with a large preclinical anticancer and antimicrobial literature, no FDA-approved product, and marked hemolytic toxicity.

An endogenous opioid pentapeptide (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met), also called Opioid Growth Factor, studied as a tonic inhibitor of cell proliferation through a non-classical receptor; its small human trials in cancer and autoimmune disease were open-label or terminated, and the one industry development program was abandoned over pharmacokinetics.

A synthetic 14-residue cyclic peptide CXCR4 antagonist, FDA approved since 2023 as Aphexda, given with filgrastim to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells into the blood for collection before autologous transplant in multiple myeloma.

A free-acid N-acetylated analog of the Russian anxiolytic peptide Selank, capped at the N-terminus while retaining the native C-terminal carboxyl, sold in the research market with no published studies of its own.

An N-acetylated, amidated form of Selank designed for enhanced stability and nasal bioavailability, studied for anxiolytic and nootropic effects via tuftsin-related immune modulation.

A synthetic 12-amino-acid TREM-1 inhibitor peptide derived from TREM-like transcript-1, infused intravenously in septic shock and COVID-19 trials, that did not meet its phase 2b primary endpoint and passed to Genfit in 2026 for a planned liver-failure trial.

A PEGylated dimer of two cyclic 15-amino-acid compstatin-family peptides that binds complement C3, FDA approved as a subcutaneous infusion for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (2021) and C3 glomerulopathy / primary IC-MPGN (2025) and as an intravitreal injection for geographic atrophy (2023).

Sederma's trade name for palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 (Pal-GQPR, CAS 221227-05-0), a palmitoylated fragment of human immunoglobulin G used in topical cosmetics for reported IL-6-modulating, skin-soothing effects and best known as half of the Matrixyl 3000 blend.

Amgen's AMG 531, a thrombopoietin-mimetic peptibody that raises platelet counts by activating the TPO receptor, FDA approved as Nplate since August 22, 2008 for immune thrombocytopenia and since 2021 for the hematopoietic syndrome of acute radiation syndrome.

A synthetic peptide associated with anxiolytic and cognitive-interest discussions in nootropic communities.

A synthetic neuropeptide analog often discussed for cognitive and neuroprotection-related interest in research-market circles.

A splenic polypeptide identified in the 1980s as a near-twin of thymopoietin, differing at a single active-site residue; its bovine sequence runs 49 residues, while the human 48-residue sequence paper was later retracted.

An endogenous 11-amino-acid tachykinin encoded by the TAC1 gene that activates the neurokinin-1 receptor in pain, vasodilation and neuroimmune signaling, with no approved product anywhere and only small human provocation studies.

A synthetic dipeptide (Glu-Trp) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for thymic bioregulation and immune system support in aging.

A thymus-derived peptide complex often discussed in immune and longevity circles.

A synthetic pentapeptide (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) reproducing residues 32 to 36 of the thymic hormone thymopoietin, authorized in Italy and produced in China as an immunomodulator but never approved by the FDA after mixed trials in HIV, rheumatoid arthritis and hepatitis B.

An immune-oriented peptide discussed for immunomodulatory signaling and clinical research in infectious disease and oncology-adjacent contexts.

A zinc-dependent nonapeptide hormone secreted by thymic epithelial cells, studied since the 1970s for T-cell differentiation, neuroendocrine signaling, and anti-inflammatory effects, mostly in animal models and older human immunology research.

A naturally occurring tetrapeptide, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg, cut from the Fc region of immunoglobulin G that stimulates macrophage and microglial phagocytosis through neuropilin-1, studied extensively in animal models of demyelination and infection yet never approved anywhere.

A synthetic dipeptide (Lys-Glu) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for thymic and immune system bioregulation and geroprotective effects.

A vasoactive intestinal peptide associated with neuroimmune and inflammatory signaling discussions.

An oral preparation of low-molecular-weight peptides extracted from calf thymus, designated A-6 in the Khavinson bioregulator line, marketed for immune support on the strength of injectable thymus-extract literature rather than any study of the product itself.

A synthetic 15-amino-acid macrocyclic peptide that binds complement C5 and blocks terminal complement activation, FDA approved in October 2023 as Zilbrysq, a once-daily subcutaneous injection for acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis.

A Lilly investigational peptide candidate being studied in alcohol use disorder, mood disorders, and other craving-linked conditions.

A high-curiosity neurotrophic research peptide discussed for cognition and synaptogenesis, but still lacking real clinical development.

A myostatin-linked muscle-growth name that remains popular in research-market and performance discussions despite limited conventional therapeutic development.

A small-molecule NNMT inhibitor studied for its potential to increase cellular energy expenditure and reduce fat accumulation by blocking nicotinamide N-methyltransferase.

A recombinant activin receptor type IIB-Fc fusion protein that traps myostatin and related TGF-beta ligands to increase muscle mass; its clinical program went on hold in 2011 after vascular adverse events and the sponsor discontinued development in 2013.

A purine nucleoside analog and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, developed clinically as acadesine for bypass-surgery ischemia and leukemia without success, known in research circles for a 2008 mouse 'exercise mimetic' study and banned by WADA.

An endogenous peptide ligand for the APJ receptor with cardiovascular and metabolic research relevance.

A synthetic, long-acting glucagon-like peptide-2 analog from Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, dosed once weekly, that reduced parenteral-support volume in the phase 3 STARS trial in short bowel syndrome but must repeat the result in the confirmatory STARS-2 trial, which began enrolling in June 2026, before Ironwood files.

A GLP-1 receptor antagonist, also known as exendin 9-39, now in Phase 3 for post-bariatric hypoglycemia.

A synthetic 20-residue hirudin-derived direct thrombin inhibitor (Hirulog) that reversibly blocks both the active site and exosite I of thrombin; FDA-approved as Angiomax (2000) for intravenous anticoagulation during percutaneous coronary intervention.

A recombinant human nerve growth factor produced in E. coli, FDA approved since 2018 as Oxervate eye drops for neurotrophic keratitis, that acts through TrkA and p75 receptors to restore corneal nerve function and epithelial healing.

A 37-amino-acid sensory neuropeptide and one of the most potent vasodilators described in humans; every FDA-approved drug in this space blocks CGRP rather than supplying it, and the peptide itself has no approved product.

A neuropeptide related to somatostatin that has been studied for anti-inflammatory, neuroendocrine, and cardiovascular effects.

A synthetic hexapeptide analog of Leu-enkephalin (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg) registered as an injectable anti-ulcer and pancreatitis drug in Russia, acting as a peripherally restricted opioid agonist that does not meaningfully cross the blood-brain barrier.

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist, FDA approved since 2008 as a monthly subcutaneous depot for advanced prostate cancer, that suppresses LH, FSH, and testosterone within days without the initial testosterone surge produced by GnRH agonists.

A heptapeptide from the skin of Phyllomedusa frogs carrying a D-alanine at position 2 and very high mu-opioid receptor selectivity, studied briefly in humans in the 1980s and known since 2012 chiefly as a racehorse doping agent.

A synthetic all-D-amino-acid tetrapeptide that selectively activates peripheral kappa-opioid receptors, FDA approved since 2021 as Korsuva, an intravenous injection given at the end of hemodialysis for moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease-associated itch.

An eleven-residue, C-terminally amidated peptide predicted to be cleaved from the prodomain of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor precursor, studied in rat and nonhuman-primate Parkinson's models with no human trials.

A 60-amino-acid recombinant plasma kallikrein inhibitor engineered by phage display from a Kunitz domain of tissue factor pathway inhibitor, FDA approved since 2009 as Kalbitor for acute hereditary angioedema attacks, carrying a boxed anaphylaxis warning.

A synthetic 36-amino-acid peptide copied from the HR2 region of HIV-1 gp41 that blocks fusion of the virus with CD4 cells, granted accelerated approval as Fuzeon on March 13, 2003 for treatment-experienced HIV-1 infection and discontinued in the United States in 2025.

A synthetic eight-residue peptide calcimimetic built on an all-D-amino-acid backbone, FDA approved since 2017 as an intravenous injection given at the end of hemodialysis, that sensitizes the parathyroid calcium-sensing receptor and lowers parathyroid hormone in secondary hyperparathyroidism.

A D-retro-inverso peptide designed to disrupt the FOXO4-p53 interaction in senescent cells, studied as a senolytic agent that selectively induces apoptosis in aging cells.

A positron-emitting somatostatin analog in which the octapeptide DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate carries gallium-68 to somatostatin receptor-positive cells, FDA approved since 2016 as the PET imaging agent NETSPOT for localizing neuroendocrine tumors.

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist, FDA-approved in 1999 as Antagon and now sold as ganirelix acetate injection and Fyremadel, used in prefilled syringes to prevent premature LH surges during controlled ovarian stimulation.

A synthetic, long-acting glucagon-like peptide-2 analog from Zealand Pharma that reduced parenteral-support volume in the phase 3 EASE SBS 1 trial in short bowel syndrome, drew an FDA complete response letter in December 2024, received a positive CHMP opinion in Europe in September 2026, with a confirmatory trial, EASE SBS 5, underway in response to the FDA's request for a second trial.

The native 33-amino-acid intestinal hormone cleaved from proglucagon that drives crypt-cell proliferation, mucosal blood flow and nutrient absorption, studied in short bowel syndrome and bone turnover but never approved; its DPP-4-resistant analog teduglutide is the approved drug.

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH superagonist delivered as a biodegradable subcutaneous implant, FDA-approved since 1989 as Zoladex for prostate cancer, advanced breast cancer in premenopausal women, endometriosis, and endometrial thinning before ablation.

A synthetic nonapeptide GnRH agonist delivered as a 12-month subcutaneous hydrogel implant — FDA-approved as Supprelin LA for central precocious puberty (2007) and formerly as Vantas for advanced prostate cancer (2004, discontinued 2021) — that suppresses gonadotropins through pituitary desensitization.

The C-terminal decapeptide of the KISS1 gene product that activates the KISS1R (GPR54) receptor on hypothalamic GnRH neurons, used in academic human physiology studies and early-phase reproductive-disorder trials; no approved product exists.